Libyan Journal of Contemporary Academic Studies
الجمعية الليبية لأبحاث التعليم والتعّلم الإلكتروني
Quantitative Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fruits by Using Iodometric Titration
Ascorbic acid commonly known as vitamin C, integral to human health and plays a vital role in numerous physiological functions. Ascorbic acid is potent antioxidant. And is readily dissolved easily in water, allowing it to function effectively throughout the body. Fruits are among the richest dietary sources of vitamin C, making them important contributors to daily intake. The main of this study is to determine the Ascorbic acid content in selected fruits. The analytical method used was inexpensive, accurate, and suitable for routine analysis. Fruit samples were collected from various markets in Darna city. Among all the sample tested fruits, kiwi was found to have the highest vitamin C content (167 mg/10g). Vitamin C concentrations were evaluated using an iodometric titration method, with standardized iodine serving as the titrant. The results demonstrated significant differences in vitamin C content revealing considerable difference among citrus varieties as well as variability between samples of the same variety. Sweet orange and sour orange showed the highest vitamin C concentrations (114 mg/10 g and 103 mg/10 g, respectively), whereas blood orange samples exhibited the lowest levels (95 mg/100 g). Other fruits showed the following concentrations: banana and peach (93 mg/10 g), mango (90 mg/10 g), and lemon (96 mg/10 g). These findings clearly demonstrate that vitamin C concentrations vary significantly among fruit types, highlighting the importance of fruit selection for meeting dietary vitamin C needs.
vitamin C; Ascorbic acid; antioxidant; iodine; iodometric titration
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This research examines the ruling on zakat on figs in Maliki school of jurisprudence, through an inductive study of the statements of imam Malik (may Allah be pleased with him) and their subsequent developments in the authoritative Maliki sources. It also presents the views and opinions of both early and later Maliki jurists on the issue. The study reveals that the disagreement is based on determining the two underlying causes of subsistence (iqtit) and storability (iddikar), as they are among the influential criteria for the obligation of zakat on crops and fruits. After presenting and discussing the evidence for both opinions in light of the principles and rules of the Maliki school, the research concludes by giving preference to the view that zakat on figs is obligatory, due to the fulfillment of the effective cause necessitating zakat and its conformity with the objectives of Islamic law in achieving social solidarity and meeting the needs of the poor.
Branch of Humanities and Social Sciences
Imam Malik, Maliki School, Zakat, Zakat on Crops and Fruits, Zakat on Figs
Different Palatal Coverage designs as a Determinant of Stress Distribution on Locator attachment Maxillary implant Overdenture
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the strain distribution around two and four implants supporting maxillary implant overdentures retained by Locator attachments with different palatal coverage designs (full versus partial). Four identical acrylic models simulating completely edentulous maxillary arches were fabricated and covered with a polyvinyl siloxane layer to mimic the oral mucosa over the residual ridge. The models were divided into two main groups according to the number of implants (two or four), and each group was further subdivided based on palatal design (full or partial palatal coverage). Locator abutments were connected to the implants using the manufacturer’s driver, and the overdenture frameworks were subsequently constructed. Four strain gauges were bonded to each implant fixture using strain gauge adhesive to record peri-implant microstrain values. A digital loading device (LLOYD Instruments) was used to apply controlled compressive loads, and the resulting strain values around the implants were measured for each configuration. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between two-implant overdentures with full palatal coverage (30.64 ± 17.47 µε) and those with partial palatal coverage (49.72 ± 23.17 µε), with higher strain values observed in the partial coverage design. In contrast, although four-implant overdentures with partial palatal coverage (8.77 ± 4.54 µε) demonstrated higher mean strain values than those with full palatal coverage (5.51 ± 3.83 µε), the difference was not statistically significant. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, full palatal coverage reduced peri-implant strain compared with partial palatal coverage in two-implant-supported maxillary overdentures. For four-implant-supported overdentures, full palatal coverage also showed lower strain values; however, the difference was not statistically significant.
Maxillary implant overdenture; Palatal coverage; Locator attachment; Strain gauge analysis; Implant biomechanics
The Role of Financial Incubators (Specialized Banks) in Supporting Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): An Applied Study on Specialized Banks in the City of Bani Walid During the Period (2002–2010)
This study aimed to examine the role of financial incubators, represented by specialized banks, in supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the city of Bani Walid during the period (2002–2010). The study addresses the financial, administrative, and marketing challenges faced by SMEs, which limit their growth and sustainability. A descriptive-analytical methodology was adopted, and primary data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to all employees of the specialized banks in Bani Walid Municipality, namely the Development Bank, the Rural Bank, and the Agricultural Bank, using a comprehensive census approach. The findings revealed that specialized banks play a significant role in providing financial support to SMEs; however, their role remains limited in non-financial services such as training, human resource development, and marketing support. The results also indicated weak coordination between specialized banks and other SME-supporting institutions, in addition to liquidity shortages and a lack of qualified human resources as major challenges. Moreover, the study found that having a clear strategy, efficient management, and adequate infrastructure are among the key success factors for financing institutions. The study recommends adopting an integrated financial incubator model within specialized banks, strengthening partnerships with universities and research centers, and developing clear legislative frameworks to regulate the activities of financial incubators, thereby enhancing their effectiveness in supporting SMEs and contributing to sustainable economic development.
Financial incubators, specialized banks, small and medium-sized enterprises, Bani Walid
Fuel subsidy reform in Libya between economic necessity and social challenges: Tripoli as a case study
This study examines the issue of fuel subsidy reform in Libya within a complex socio-political and economic landscape characterized by institutional fragmentation, porous borders, and pervasive smuggling. The research aims to analyze the perceptions of the Libyan public toward subsidy removal policies, focusing on the socio-economic determinants that shape societal acceptance or rejection. It explores the existing dialectic between the fiscal necessity of reform to alleviate the burden on the state budget and the structural challenges that hinder its implementation, such as the absence of public transportation, deteriorating purchasing power, and the perceived neglect of critical issues like administrative corruption and the stabilization of the Libyan Dinar. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study utilized an electronic questionnaire distributed to a sample of 400 respondents in Tripoli. Data analysis was conducted using a suite of statistical techniques, including Cronbach’s Alpha for reliability, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Pearson’s correlation coefficients, ANOVA, Chi-square tests, and Regression Modeling. The findings reveal that concerns regarding the cost of living and the erosion of purchasing power outweigh fiscal efficiency considerations in shaping public opinion. Furthermore, the results indicate that social acceptance of reform is contingent upon effective governance, robust anti-smuggling measures, and the activation of credible cash transfer mechanisms, alongside the alignment of exchange rate policies. The study recommends prioritizing the rationalization of government spending and combating institutional corruption as fundamental prerequisites before proceeding with fuel subsidy removal.
Fuel Subsidy Reform, political division, Economic Dimension, Social Dimension, Libyan Economy
Axisymmetric Circular Plate Element Stiffness Matrix Derivation By Explicit Integration Method FEM
Explicit integration of stiffness matrix elements is generally applied in derivation of simple element matrices because of the tedious manual calculation needed when complex governing equations or interpolation function of high orders are involved. This work at derivation of element stiffness matrix of elastic axisymmetric circular plate with uniform thickness by explicit integration method and applying it in solving several problems under different types of loading and boundary conditions. Comparison between to finite element solutions and those obtained from corresponding theoretical equations showed good agreement.
axisymmetric circular plate, explicit integration, finite element method
Generative AI's Influence on High School Students' Analytical Skills in Tripoli, Libya
This paper examines the various functions of Generative AI (GenAI) in the intellectual growth of high school students (15-18) in Tripoli, Libya, a place characterised by infrastructural constraints and a traditional background of learning. The conflict between developing analytical abilities and cognitive offloading has become acute as students turn more and more to tools like ChatGPT as a solution to the limitations in the available resources. To overcome this problem, the study employed both a quantitative survey of 80 students of both scientific-based and literary tracks and a qualitative study of 20 English teachers. The findings demonstrate that GenAI has become a vital part of the Libyan education system as 85 percent of the respondents claimed using it weekly.Interestingly, there is no real divide when it comes to how much students feel AI helps their analytical skills - both scientific and literary reported similar benefits with no statistically significant difference between them (p = 0.31). There was a discrepancy within the disciplinary area: cognitive offloading. The results show a significant gap (p < 0.05): students in literacy showed a greater tendency to rely on AI (3.2 ± 1.0) than their scientific peers (2.5 ± 1.1).Besides, proficiency in a language and a steady internet connection were determined as major indicators of effective AI use. Teachers pointed out that AI could be used to provide assistance in generating ideas, but the advantages are conditional upon the meticulous work of the teacher, as otherwise, there is a danger of developing skills and even missing cultural values. The paper concludes that to be an authentic Vygotskian scaffold, instead of a cognitive crutch, GenAI requires the Ministry of Education to introduce specialised curriculum change and encourage metacognitive AI literacy.
Generative AI; English Language; High School; Analytical Skills; Tripoli; Education
The Role of the Concept of Condition in Shaping Jurisprudential Rulings in Khalīl’s Mukhtaṣar: An Analytical Study on Guardianship in Marriage and Defective Marriages
This study seeks to examine one of the central methodological issues associated with the juristic approach adopted by Imām Khalīl ibn Isḥāq al-Mālikī in his renowned work al-Mukhtaṣar, namely: the concept of the condition (mafḥūm al-sharṭ) and its impact on the construction of juristic rulings in Khalīl’s Mukhtaṣar: a fiqh-based study of issues of guardianship in marriage and invalid marriages. The research undertakes an applied analytical reading of selected (cases) concerning guardianship in marriage and defective marriages within the Book of Marriage in al-Mukhtaṣar. The study is grounded in Khalīl’s statement in the preface to his work: “Among the implicative concepts, I consider only the concept of condition.” It seeks to explore the extent to which the author consistently adhered to this foundational methodological principle throughout the text. The research is structured into two main sections. The first addresses the conceptual framework of the concept of condition in terms of its definition, classifications, and its position within the discussions of usūl al-fiqh related to linguistic implication, along with a concise presentation of jurists’ views on its evidentiary authority. The second section focuses on the applied framework through the analysis of selected examples from the Book of Marriage in al-Mukhtaṣar, particularly those related to guardianship in marriage and invalid marriages, with the aim of demonstrating the impact of Khalīl’s reliance on the concept of condition—rather than other forms of implicative meaning—on the formulation of juristic rulings within the Mālikī school. The study concludes that Khalīl’s restriction to the consideration of the concept of condition, to the exclusion of other forms of mafāhīm al-mukhālafah (contrary implications), had a profound methodological effect on the structuring of the issues in al-Mukhtaṣar, not only in the chapter on marriage but also in other chapters. It further highlights the author’s strict commitment to the scientific methodology he articulated in the introduction to his book.
Concept of Condition (Mafḥūm al-Sharṭ), Khalīl’s Mukhtaṣar, Juristic Analysis, Construction of Juristic Rulings, Guardianship in Marriage, Invalid Marriages
The impact of development spending on the growth of oil GDP in Libya: An analytical study for the period (2000-2019)
This study aims to analyze and measure the impact of development (investment) spending on the growth of oil GDP in Libya during the period 2000–2019. Using data from the Central Bank of Libya and official economic reports, the study examined the evolution of development spending and its growth rates, alongside the performance of oil GDP and its relative importance in the Libyan economy. The findings reveal that development spending fluctuated significantly due to political and security instability, while oil GDP continued to represent the largest share of total GDP, reflecting the rentier nature of the Libyan economy. Results also indicate a positive relationship between increased development spending and oil GDP growth in certain periods, although crises weakened this effect. The study concludes that improving the efficiency of development spending and directing it toward oil infrastructure can contribute to sustaining production and supporting economic growth.
Development Spending, Oil GDP, Libyan Economy, Investment, Economic Growth
Antimicrobial Profiling of Origanum majorana L. and Marrubium vulgare L. Extracts Against Selected Pathogenic Isolates
The diverse secondary phytochemicals found in medicinal and aromatic plants are used as novel antimicrobial agents. This study investigates the biological activity of two distinct species from Lamiaceae family (Origanum majorana L. and Marrubium vulgare L.) against bacteria and fungi isolates. Our findings showed that most bacterial species tested were resistant to the extracts; however, Gram-positive strains, specifically Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated significant growth inhibition when subjected to the ethanolic fraction of M. vulgare, suggesting that the architectural nuances of the Gram-positive cell wall may be particularly susceptible to the lipophilic constituents of this extract. Consequently, M. vulgare emerges as a viable candidate for targeted therapies against Staphylococcal infections. The study further identifies a clear hierarchy in solvent efficacy, as ethanolic preparations consistently eclipsed their aqueous counterparts in antifungal potency. Inhibition percentage values for F. oxysporum were 63 and 89% when using ethanol extracts of M. vulgare and O. majorana. The lowest inhibition percentage (19%) was obtained by the aqueous extract of O. majorana on A. niger
Antimicrobial, Lamiaceae, Marrubium vulgare L., Origanum majorana L
The Role of Information Technology in Improving Academic and Administrative Performance at Sayyid Muhammad bin Ali Al-Senussi University: An Applied Study on Students and Faculty Members
This study aims to explore the role of information technology (IT) in enhancing academic and administrative performance at Al-Sayed Mohammed Bin Ali Al-Senousi University in Libya, with a focus on its impact on students and faculty members in the Department of Library and Information Science. The study reflects the rapid transformations in the use of IT within educational institutions, where it has become a key tool for supporting learning, developing teaching skills, and improving the quality of administrative processes. The research problem centers on the extent to which IT influences academic and administrative performance, considering challenges related to infrastructure, training, and resources. The study seeks to answer key questions regarding the development of faculty skills, the challenges faced in the practical application of IT, and the proposed solutions to enhance its effectiveness. The research employs a descriptive-analytical survey method, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 26 students and 27 faculty members in the Department of Library and Information Science at the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar branch in the city of Al-Bayda. Preliminary results indicate that IT significantly contributes to improving academic and administrative efficiency, enhancing learning quality, and increasing students’ engagement with digital content. It also supports faculty in organizing their teaching and research activities more effectively. However, the university faces challenges related to insufficient digital infrastructure, the need for ongoing training programs, and bridging the gap in technical skills among users. The study concludes that the structured use of IT, coupled with continuous technical support and training, can enhance the quality of education and administrative performance, establishing an integrated digital learning environment that fosters innovation and active participation for both students and faculty members.
Information Technology, Academic Performance, Administrative Performance, Al-Senussi University, Library and Information Science
The Role of Financial Inclusion in Achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals: A Field Study on Commercial Banks in the Western Region
The primary objective of this study is to explore the role of financial inclusion in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It also aims to provide evidence-based practical recommendations to assist policymakers, banks, and regulatory bodies in Libya in formulating effective national strategies that promote financial inclusion as a tool for comprehensive sustainable development. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a peer-reviewed questionnaire distributed to employees of commercial banks in the Western Region. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed for data analysis. The study reached a key conclusion: financial inclusion plays a significant role in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
Financial Inclusion, Sustainable Development, Commercial Banks, Libya
Measuring the Impact of Cybersecurity Risks on the Financial Resilience of Banking Institutions in a Digital Transformation Environment: A Field Study on Jumhouria Bank - Misrata Branch
This study aimed to investigate the impact of management's perception of cybersecurity risks on the financial resilience of Jumhouria Bank (Misrata Branch) within the context of an accelerating digital transformation environment. The research problem lies in the financial and operational challenges imposed by cyberspace on Libyan banking institutions, and the extent of their ability to maintain financial stability against digital threats. To achieve the study's objectives, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach. A questionnaire was developed as the primary data collection tool and distributed to a purposive sample of (29) employees from the administrative, financial, and technical cadres at the bank. The data were statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study reached several key findings, most notably a high level of perception among the bank's management regarding cybersecurity risks, with a mean score of (4.09), alongside a firm conviction that investing in digital security is directly linked to protecting financial assets. Furthermore, regression analysis results proved a statistically significant impact of cybersecurity risks on financial resilience, as the independent variable explained (51.8%) of the variance in the bank's financial resilience level. The results also revealed a strong negative correlation between the frequency of cyber threats and resilience indicators, with "customer trust" being the dimension most affected by these threats. In light of these findings, the study recommended the necessity of enhancing the bank's financial readiness by allocating financial reserves (contingency funds) to face cyber crises. It also emphasized intensifying specialized training programs for employees to bridge the gap between theoretical perception and procedural hedging, in addition to adopting effective communication strategies to maintain corporate reputation and customer trust in the face of increasing digital threats.
Cybersecurity, Digital Transformation, Financial Resilience
Professional Standards in Citizen Journalism Content on Social Media: An Analytical Study
This study aimed to identify the persuasive techniques used in citizen journalism content published on social media platforms and to monitor professional violations. The study generated a set of questions addressing the nature of the published material, the types of topics covered, and the adherence to professional standards. The study employed a descriptive methodology and utilized content analysis. The study population consisted of three pages, considered among the most followed on Facebook. The study's findings revealed a significant number of professional violations, including the prevalence of misleading news, high rates of incitement to violence, the adoption of hate speech, and the dissemination of unsourced news. Furthermore, the study found that the professional standards employed were weak. The study recommended raising public awareness to ensure compliance with professional standards in content published on social media platforms and developing effective legal oversight mechanisms to ensure content monitoring and review before publication, thereby mitigating professional violations.
Professional standards, citizen journalism, social media
The Impact of Political and Economic Stability on Supporting Monetary Stability in Libya during the Period (1990–2024)
This study aims to analyze the impact of political and economic stability on monetary stability in Libya during the period (1990–2024), using the exchange rate as the main indicator for measuring monetary stability. The study relied on descriptive and analytical methods and quantitative methods using ARDL and ECM models. The results show a long-term equilibrium relationship between the exchange rate and inflation, GDP, political stability, and foreign reserves, with inflation emerging as the most influential factor in the long term. The short-term results also show that political stability and inflation have a significant impact on exchange rate fluctuations, with an effective correction mechanism that returns the monetary system to its equilibrium path. The study concludes that achieving monetary stability in Libya requires integrated policies that promote political stability and support economic stability, particularly through controlling inflation.
Monetary stability, Exchange rate, Political stability, Economic stability, ARDL
Cybersecurity Governance and Protection of Libyan National Identity: An Analytical Study of the Libyan Civil Registry Authority
"This study examines cybersecurity governance as a fundamental pillar for safeguarding national identity and sovereign databases within the Libyan Civil Status Authority. It highlights the risks posed by digital threats and the phenomenon of fraudulent birth registration (commonly referred to as 'paper children'), resulting from legislative gaps, fragile technical infrastructure, and the exploitation of child allowance benefits. The study concludes that any compromise to data integrity constitutes a direct threat to national security. Accordingly, it recommends the adoption of a comprehensive national strategy and the implementation of a secure, integrated electronic linkage system.
Cybersecurity Governance ، Digital National Identity ، Libyan Civil Status Authority ، National Security ، Sovereign Databases ، Digital Forgery (Paper Children) ،Digital Sovereignty
Preparing Erasable Ink for Whiteboards from Local Sources in Misrata City
This research aimed to produce erasable ink from pigments sourced locally that could compete positively with available brands . in this research , the ink was produced for the first time locally By mixing pine resin ( the basic material for these inks ) with pigment , deionized water, ethanol , and phenolphthalein , and heating the mixture to 60oC The ink was cooled and filtered through filter paper . Glycerol . was used to improve the ink s quality in terms of viscosity, consistency , and ease of erasing . two different ink formulations , A and B , were produced and subjected to physicochemical analysis to ensure their conformity to standard specifications . the results obtained were : PH ( 5.6, 7.34 ) , viscosity (0.001692 N/m2, 0.00519 N/m2 ) , and drying time (5.24 ,7.32 second ) for samples A and B, respectively . sample A exhibited superior properties in terms of drying time, viscosity, and erasing . the pigments used were carbon soot , obtained from the carbonization of local sheep wool, used as the black ink pigment, and indigo blue, used as the blue ink pigment. Samples of the laboratory – prepared ink and the ink available on the local market were also taken and subjected to x-ray analysis. The results showed the concentrations of the various elements present in the ink could be compared to the concentrations of standard available ink[1].
Preparation, Ink, Whiteboard, Dyer, Gum, Bloat, Pine Trees, Blue Indigo
E-Management as a Strategic Entry Point for Improving Administrative Organization in Sudanese Telecommunications Companies: A Case Study of Canar Company (2018–2023)
This study aimed to analyze the role of E-Management as a strategic approach to improving administrative organization in telecommunications companies in Sudan, applying it to Canar Company during the period (2018-2023), The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, and data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of (98) employees working in the company, The most important results were that e-management effectively contributes to improving administrative performance by enhancing the functions of planning, organizing, coordinating, controlling, and directing. It also showed that the company's organizational structure is flexible and accommodates the introduction of modern technologies, and that there is a positive perception of the impact of e-management on improving the efficiency of administrative processes ,The study recommended expanding the application of e-management in telecommunications companies, developing digital infrastructure, enhancing employee technical skills, and promoting a culture of participation and internal communication, all to ensure higher levels of administrative efficiency and effectiveness.
e-governance, administrative organization, telecommunications companies, Canar Telecom
The Impact of Gross Domestic Product on Inflation Rates in the Libyan Economy: A Study During the Period (2000–2022)
This study aims to analyze and measure the relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation rates in the Libyan economy during the period (2000–2022), using a simple linear regression model. GDP is the independent variable, and the inflation rate is the dependent variable. Using annual data of 23 observations, the study finds a positive and statistically significant relationship between GDP and inflation. The regression coefficient is 0.313, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.44. F and T-tests confirm the model’s significance at 5%. The findings align with aggregate demand theory, which states that an increase in GDP raises aggregate demand, leading to higher price levels and inflation.
Gross Domestic Product, Inflation, Simple Linear Regression
Influence of Plasticizer Type on Physical and Structural Properties of Corn Starch-Based Bioplastic Films: A Comparative Study of Glycerol, Sorbitol, and Their Binary Blend
Starch-based bioplastics represent promising alternatives to petroleum-derived packaging materials. However, the influence of plasticizer selection on corn starch film properties remains incompletely characterized, particularly for binary plasticizer systems. To evaluate the effects of glycerol, sorbitol, and their equimolar blend on the physical and structural properties of corn starch-based bioplastic films. Films were prepared via solution casting using locally extracted corn starch (5% w/v) with 10% plasticizer and acetic acid as processing aid. Physical properties (thickness, density, moisture content, water absorption, water solubility) and structural characteristics (FTIR spectroscopy) were systematically evaluated. Plasticizer type significantly influenced all measured properties. Sorbitol films exhibited highest density (1.702 g/cm³) and superior water resistance (18.09% absorption), while glycerol films demonstrated maximum flexibility but elevated water sensitivity (57.81% absorption). The glycerol-sorbitol blend showed intermediate characteristics (29.03% absorption). FTIR analysis confirmed successful plasticizer incorporation through modified O−H stretching patterns (3200–3500 cm⁻¹). Sorbitol plasticization yields films with enhanced water resistance suitable for moisture-sensitive packaging, while glycerol provides maximum flexibility for conformable applications. Binary plasticizer blends offer tunable properties for diverse packaging requirements. Locally sourced corn starch represents a viable feedstock for biodegradable packaging materials.
The role of foreign direct investment in technology transfer for the development of export-oriented industries Challenges and opportunities for polarization
The purpose of this study is to examine the reality of the attractiveness of foreign direct investment (FDI) to contribute to the transfer of technology for developing export-oriented industries. The study highlighted the impact of FDI on economic growth; additionally, the role of modern technology in improving the quality of the local product; and the ability of the Libyan state to encourage FDI without obstacles for foreign and domestic investors alike. The paper used the analytical-descriptive approach through the use of a questionnaire. The programs (SPSS and EXCEL) were used to analyze the data. Furthermore, the questionnaire was supported by personal interviews. The study had many results. FDI needs a lot to settle in a country other than its own. The Libyan state is not ready yet to attract it. Also, the political, financial, economic, security, and social divides and the hidden economy do not encourage the process of attraction. Moreover, the administrative complexities, the absence of institutional governance, and the generality of the state sectors are also among the real obstacles to FDI. The complete absence of sovereign records, international accounting standards, and the stock market are also major challenges for foreign and local investors. The guarantees provided by the Investment Promotion Authority are insufficient compared to other Arab countries.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Technology Transfer, Economic Growth, Challenges and Opportunities, State of Libya
Grammar Translation Method: A Case Study of Libyan EFL University Students
The aim of the present paper is to examine to what extent the native language knowledge can be invested in EFL language teaching. It is hypothesized that native language competence can be manipulated as a key tool in teaching a foreign language. This is especially true when older (e.g., university) students are at a beginner level and they may need to refer to their mother tongue while learning a foreign language. Thus, it is undertaken in the present study to investigate the efficiency of the Grammar Translation Method (GTM) in English language teaching at university level in Libya. Ten students were selected, pre-tested, taught by the Grammar Translation Method, and finally post-tested. The post-test results show significant progress in students' scores. It is concluded that for low-level students, GTM can be used as a foundational tool to guarantee basic grammar and vocabulary as a starting phase.
EFL; GTM; Libyan; University; English teaching
The Role of Social Work in Addressing Problems in the School Setting: An Analytical Study
This study aimed to identify the role of social work in addressing problems within the school setting, and how modern therapeutic interventions such as psychodrama and behavioral contract therapy can be implemented to tackle these problems. The results revealed that school social work adopts advanced strategies for dealing with educational and behavioral problems, fundamentally based on systemic diagnosis. This approach does not merely observe low achievement but also connects students' intrinsic abilities with the pressures of their surrounding environment. In addressing educational problems, social workers employ cognitive-behavioral intervention to reshape students' self-image and free them from the stigma of failure. They act as academic mediators, coordinating with the teaching staff to simplify tasks and boost confidence through small, incremental suçasses. In addressing behavioral problems, the work shifts to analyzing the dynamics of behavior to uncover its causes, whether they be negative school pressures or external temptations. Here, the role of social workers as environment architects becomes prominent. They work to reintegrate students into the fabric of school life through activity and sports groups, transforming the school from a stressful environment into an attractive space that fosters students' sense of belonging and acceptance.
role, school social work, treatment, problems in the school setting, educational problems, behavioral problems
Chilon of Sparta and the Embodiment of Political and Ethical Wisdom in Sparta during the Sixth Century BCE
This study examines the figure of Chilon of Sparta from historical, political, and ethical perspectives, highlighting his role in strengthening the Spartan political system and integrating ethical wisdom into practical governance. The research emphasizes Chilon’s significance as a philosopher-statesman during a formative period of Greek thought, demonstrating his contribution to reinforcing the authority of the Ephors and maintaining balance between the monarchy and the Gerousia, thereby ensuring state stability and limiting potential tyranny. The study also analyzes Chilon’s ethical wisdom and its impact on both individual and collective behavior, illustrating its influence on later Greek thought, particularly in the development of concepts related to just governance and political ethics. Employing a historical-analytical methodology, alongside a descriptive approach to his biography and sayings, and a comparative approach to highlight the uniqueness of Spartan governance relative to other Greek city-states, the research shows that Chilon was not merely a sage of concise sayings, but a fully integrated political and ethical figure whose legacy exemplifies the synergy of law, moral wisdom, and strategic thinking.
Chilon, Sparta, ethical wisdom, Ephors, political system, Greek thought
Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner: A Creation of Frozen Artistic Beauty
This paper aims at investigating Coleridge’s ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ from an artistic approach. Coleridge used this poem to prove himself as an artist, among his contemporaries, who is capable of creating a beautiful work of art. This poem has undergone controversy ever since its publication, as it received little appreciation from its audience because of the themes it tackles, the archaic language that Coleridge used, and his writing style compared to other poets at that time. Some readers and critics questioned even Coleridge’s ability of versification; however, others praised the poem as a hallmark of Coleridge’s creativity. Thus, this paper attempts to verify that The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is an art gallery of frozen images made alive to put Coleridge in the forefront of his contemporaries and to be eternally thought of as an artist whose imaginative power to create makes him among the great.
Ancient Mariner, Artistic Beauty, Art Gallery, Artist, Imagery, Imagination
The role of artificial intelligence technologies in supporting costs
The study aims to identify the role of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in enhancing cost management strategies within the contemporary Libyan business environment. It seeks to achieve several sub-objectives, including identifying the relationship between the use of AI technologies and cost measurement and optimization, supporting decision-making, and employing AI technologies as tools for benchmarking and performance evaluation. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection instrument, after being evaluated and validated. It was then distributed to relevant employees at the Libyan Company for Industrial and Medical Gases, including senior management, cost accounting personnel, staff from the accounting department, and employees in the Gas Technology Management division. The study reached several key findings, the most important of which are: The use of AI technologies contributes to accurate and objective cost measurement. Additionally, AI enhances decision-making by providing relevant information at both operational and strategic levels, improving the accuracy of benchmarking and evaluation decisions. Based on the results obtained, the study recommends the following: - Increasing awareness among organizations of the importance of implementing AI technologies by highlighting their significance, advantages, and contributions to enhancing cost management strategies. - The necessity of incorporating AI technologies into the curriculum for economics and accounting students at Libyan universities, as these technologies offer distinct advantages, particularly in the field of cost management. Business organizations in Libya should place greater emphasis on cost management tools and hold training courses and seminars on AI technologies, focusing on their application and potential benefits. The study relied on questionnaires as the main tool for data collection and adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software to derive results and insights.
Artificial Intelligence, AI Technologies, Cost Management
Predicting crisis management through strategic human resource planning in the Libyan Ministry of Health
Predicting, Crisis Management, Strategic Planning, Human Resources, Ministry of Health, Libya
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Local and regional actors: mapping forces and their influence in shaping Libyan foreign policy
This study analyzes how multiple local, and regional actors have shaped Libya’s foreign policy from 2011 to 2025. The collapse of centralized authority and institutional fragmentation produced a fractured external decision-making process, with parallel governments, military entities, tribes, and militias competing for international representation, resulting in conflicting diplomatic narratives and contested legitimacy. Regionally, interventions by Egypt, the UAE, Turkey, and Qatar deepened domestic divisions through political, military, and media support to rival factions, while international involvement by Russia, France, the United States, and UN missions internationalized the crisis without delivering a comprehensive solution. The study concludes that Libya’s foreign policy has mirrored internal conflicts and regional alignments. It recommends unifying sovereign institutions, crafting a national, independent foreign strategy, building a professional diplomatic corps, strengthening constitutional oversight, and activating strategic research and societal dialogue to restore sovereign decision-making.
Institutional division, local actors, regional interventions, foreign policy, Libya
A comparative study of Nal (TI) and HPGe Detectors with Respect to Detectors in Terms of Detection Efficiency and Energy Resolution
The main aim of this search is to compare between a sodium iodide (NaI) detector (scintillator), which is thallium (TI) doped coupled to photomultiplier and a hyper pure germanium detector (semiconductor)(HPGe) in terms of efficiency and energy resolution. Both were used to measure the energy sensitive of Gamma ray in which the gamma ray is analyzed using scintillation and a multichannel analyzer. In addition, hyper pure germanium was used in this experiment to identify the known source. In term of energy resolution, HPGe detector found to have superiority of energy resolution over NaI detector. This can be seen in Cs-137 at 661KeV where the full width of half maximum (FWHM) was 42.8KeV with using NaI detector and 10.17 KeV with using HPGe. In term of efficiency, it is clear that NaI detector has much more efficiency than HPGe detector. For example, the intrinsic photopeak efficiency of Na-22 at 511 keV was 12.75% with using NaI detector and 5.11% with using HPGe .
sodium iodide detector(NaI), Hyper pure germanium detector (HPGe).
Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Aqueous Extract on seed Germination and seedling Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis satvus L)
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract on the germination of cucumber seeds (Cucumis sativus) and to analyze the interaction between extract concentrations and soaking durations. The extract was prepared at different concentrations (0%, 5%, 15%, 30%, 60%), and seeds were soaked for 4 and 8 hours. The results demonstrated that both the extract concentration and soaking duration had a statistically significant effect on the germination percentage, germination rate, and the lengths of the radicle and plumule. It was observed that low concentrations (5% and 15%) combined with moderate soaking durations significantly enhanced the germination rate, radicle, and plumule length. In contrast, higher concentrations (30% and 60%) significantly inhibited seed growth. The interaction analysis revealed that the effect of the extract concentration was dependent on the soaking duration; some concentrations yielded better results at a 4-hour soaking period compared to 8 hours, and vice versa for other concentrations. These findings, which align with several previous studies, suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract can be used as a natural biostimulant for cucumber seeds when applied at an optimal concentration and soaking duration, paving the way for its use as a natural agent to enhance crop germination and growth.
Moringa oleifera, Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, Aqueous Extract of cucumber, Pre-sowing treatments
The Pathway to Professionalism: A Descriptive Study of Becoming a Professional Interpreter in the United Kingdom
This descriptive study outlines the pathway towards becoming a professional interpreter in the United Kingdom. Moving beyond the misconception that bilingualism is a sufficient qualification, this paper delineates the essential requirements of the profession. The requisite competencies, formal qualifications, specialised pathways, professional accreditation, and continuous professional development. The paper describes the interpreting market in the UK, highlighting the critical distinction between public service and conference interpreting, and the role of professional bodies like NRPSI, CIOL, and ITI. The study concludes that professionalisation in the UK is a multi-faceted process demanding linguistic excellence, rigorous training, specialised knowledge, and a steadfast commitment to ethical practice, all of which are necessary to meet the demands of a sophisticated and regulated interpreting market.
United Kingdom; Professionalisation; NRPSI; Public Service Interpreting; Conference Interpreting; Qualifications
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Applications on Users’ Experience in Electronic Libraries: A Field Study on a Sample of Faculty Members at the Faculty of Medicine – Omar Al-Mukhtar University
This study aims to examine the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications on enhancing users’ experience in electronic libraries, focusing on faculty members at the Faculty of Medicine, Omar Al-Mukhtar University. The significance of this research lies in highlighting the growing role of intelligent technologies in supporting academic and medical education, while providing more efficient and accurate access to scholarly information. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, with data collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 133 faculty members across different academic departments. Findings revealed a high level of awareness regarding the importance of AI in libraries, yet several challenges were identified, including insufficient institutional awareness of AI services, the need for simplified user interfaces, lack of adequate technical support and training, as well as concerns about data privacy. Participants also expressed a strong interest in developing recommendation systems, introducing voice search features, and integrating library services with Learning Management Systems (LMS). The study recommends: Increasing awareness of AI-based services through training programs and workshops. Enhancing user interfaces and recommendation systems tailored to academic needs. Establishing a dedicated technical support unit for immediate assistance. Strengthening data protection policies to build trust in electronic library services. Ensuring integration between electronic library services and LMS platforms. In conclusion, this research provides practical insights that can help academic libraries in Libya leverage AI technologies to improve the quality of education and scientific research within the academic environment.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Electronic Libraries, User Experience, Faculty Members, Omar Al-Mukhtar University
Institutional Digital Repositories: A Conceptual Introduction
This study examines the concept of institutional digital repositories as one of the most prominent outcomes of digital transformation in academic and research institutions. The paper reviews the emergence and historical development of these repositories, leading to their adoption as a strategic tool for preserving and providing access to scientific and intellectual output. It also highlights the general concept of the digital repository and its main objectives, which include supporting open access, enhancing knowledge exchange, and preserving institutional intellectual production. The study further discusses its significance and advantages, such as ease of accessibility, ensuring content continuity, and increasing scientific impact. On the other hand, it examines the challenges facing these repositories, including funding issues, intellectual property rights, and quality assurance. Additionally, the study reviews commonly used software in their establishment, the essential requirements for their success, as well as the international standards adopted to ensure their efficiency and sustainability.
Digital Repositories, Institutional Digital Repositories, Policies, Standards
Assessment of the Hydraulic Performance of Radial Collector Wells in the Sand Dunes of Northwestern Libya
This study aims to evaluate the hydraulic performance of radial collector wells constructed in sand dune formations in northwestern Libya during 1964–1965. These wells were designed to exploit rainwater lenses accumulated within the sands, whereas conventional vertical wells in the region often yield highly saline water. Field data indicated that the productivity of radial wells ranges between 20–25 m³/h, with total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations between 2000–3000 mg/, compared to 17,000 mg/L recorded in adjacent vertical wells. The findings confirm that radial well technology provides a practical and economical alternative, offering better water quality, higher productivity, and longer operational lifespan. The study recommends expanding the application of this technique in sand dune areas to strengthen potable water supplies for domestic use.
Radial collector wells, Sand dunes, Hydraulic performance, Water quality, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
The Effectiveness of Cybersecurity in Protecting Accounting Information Systems in the Libyan Banking Sector (An Applied Study on Commercial Banks Operating in Zawiya)
This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of cybersecurity (in its dimensions: technical practices, human resource efficiency, and organizational structure) in protecting accounting information systems in Libyan commercial banks operating in the city of Zawiya. To achieve this, a descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used to collect data. The valid sample size for analysis was (70) respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results showed a statistically significant positive effect of the overall effectiveness of cybersecurity on the protection of accounting systems, with the model explaining 55% of the variance. However, the core finding revealed that this impact is unbalanced, stemming exclusively from technical and organizational practices (which demonstrated a positive effect), while human efficiency and organizational structure showed no statistically significant impact. The level of human efficiency and training was found to be very low compared to the high level of technical engagement. The study also recommended that banks immediately invest in human capital through intensive training and talent recruitment to bridge the gap between technical strength and human resource weaknesses, thus ensuring comprehensive accounting protection.
Cybersecurity, Accounting Information Systems, Commercial Banks, Technical Practices, Human Resource Efficiency
Effect of Adding Sand on Cement Mixtures: An Experimental Investigation of Compressive Strength Using Portland Cement and Nalut Sand
This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding different proportions of sand on the compressive strength of cementitious mixes. Portland cement and sand sourced from Nalut were used, and compressive strength tests were conducted in accordance with the international standard ASTM C109. Cubic specimens were prepared and tested at curing ages of 7 and 28 days. The specimens were produced with varying sand-to-cement ratios. The results showed an inverse relationship between sand content and compressive strength, whereas increasing the cement content led to a noticeable improvement in compressive strength. One specimen yielded an anomalous and illogical result during testing; it was retested successfully, highlighting the importance of quality control in experimental work. The results were graphically represented and analyzed to determine the optimum proportions for engineering applications. The study recommends the use of specific optimal sand–cement mixing ratios that balance quality and cost to achieve the best engineering performance. Furthermore, it opens prospects for the utilization of local materials in construction projects in accordance with precise economic and technical standards.
Cement, sand, compressive strength, cement mixtures, mechanical properties, Nalut sand
Characteristics of historical writing by Cheikh Abdelaziz Thaalbi
If Abdelaziz Thaalbi is known as a political and thinker in a religious science, he also had contribution to the Tunisian and Maghreb history. We try to deg into this aspect in order to precise the aspect of his historical writing as a known national figure conservative and illuminate. Our intention is to see the implication of the political, culturel and scientific context of the 1st half of the 20 century. In other words, seeing the similarity and divergence between his method of writing and the method of his contemporaries.
Cheikh Abdelaziz Thaalbi, History, Tunisia, Maghreb, arab and Islamic history
Strategic vigilance and its impact on institutions (political and economic)
Strategic vigilance plays a crucial role in influencing any organization, as it is a vital management tool for success and continuity in complex and changing environments. It enables organizations, whether political or economic, to monitor their local and external environments. Furthermore, it plays a prominent role in the technological development of both public and private sector management, as it is a key concept and system in management science. Strategic foresight also contributes to innovation and excellence, representing a structured system and optimal method for gathering and processing strategic information. It is defined as a continuous process of collecting and analyzing information related to identifying future opportunities and proactively pinpointing threats and risks facing the organization, thus contributing to informed and timely decision-making. Strategic foresight, with its various dimensions (political, economic, social, and technological), focuses on how these dimensions impact the organization's strategy. This is achieved by analyzing organizational performance in both the public and private sectors. In addition to studying and analyzing cases of success or failure that befall the organization, strategic intelligence also provides effective solutions that enable the organization to enhance its competitiveness.
Strategic vigilance, Economic intelligence, Competitive advantage, Economic institutions, Organizational performance
Artificial Intelligence in Architectural Design: Toward an innovative digital approach "Using Rhino software applications to analyze a middle school model - A case study"
The field of architecture is undergoing a paradigm shift thanks to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the design and planning processes. This has given architects new tools to analyze data, generate ideas, and predict the performance of buildings before they are implemented. This research aims to explore the role of AI in enhancing the quality of architectural decisions, improving environmental performance, and facilitating the realization of sustainable design solutions, particularly in regions with challenging climates. The methodology relies on the use of generative design software, such as Rhino/Grasshopper, Ladybug & Honeybee environmental analysis tools, as well as the application of optimization algorithms. Through which several design models are generated and analyzed environmentally (lighting, ventilation, energy consumption) to select the optimal model according to specific criteria. The approach was applied to a building design project (case study) in the hot and dry climate of Tripoli. The analysis begins with reading local climate data and then generating prototypes using generative design algorithms. The model was evaluated using environmental simulation tools, resulting in the selection of the most efficient design in terms of reducing heat load, enhancing natural lighting, improving ventilation, and lowering energy consumption compared to traditional models. The results showed that incorporating AI not only enhances environmental performance but also supports creativity and shortens design time.
Artificial Intelligence, architectural design, digital approach, generative algorithms, environmental performance, Rhino, Grasshopper, sustainable design
Impact of Organic Manure and Irrigation Amounts on Barley Quality
In order to investigate the impact of irrigation levels and organic manure on the quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) cv., Giza 123, a field experiment was carried out in the Abu Hadi district of Sirte city during the winter of 2022–2023. Two factors in a randomized block design were a factorial combination of three irrigation levels (100, 50, and 25 percent) and four rates of organic manure (control, 20, 40, and 60 m3/fed.) with three replications. Plant height, leaf area, total chlorophyll, spike length, number of spikes/m2, and number of grains/spike were among the vegetative development characteristics that were studied, as were quality characteristics including grain weight/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, protein, and carbohydrate content. In contrast to control treatments, which showed the lowest values of these features, the obtained data showed that raising irrigation levels up to 100% considerably boosted all vegetative growth and quality attributes under study. The highest values of all vegetative growth, grains weight/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, protein, and carbohydrates, on the other hand, were recorded when organic manure was increased to 60 m3/fed. In contrast, control treatments produced the highest mean values of straw yield but the lowest mean values of grains weight/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, protein, and carbohydrates, respectively. This study examined the effects of irrigation levels and organic manure on all vegetative growth. The quality of barley grains, their weight per spike, their 1000-grain weight, their grain yield, their protein, and their carbohydrates were all highly significant, but total chlorophyll, grains weight per spike, protein, and carbohydrates were not.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), irrigation levels, organic manure, vegetative growth, yield quality
Preparing Libya’s Workforce for Sustainable Development: The Strategic Role of Education and Training
This research aims to examine the role of education and training in preparing the workforce to meet the requirements of sustainable development in Libya, while drawing on the Singaporean experience as a successful model in this field. The study addressed the issue of the gap between the outputs of educational and training institutions and the needs of the Libyan labor market, particularly in light of rapid economic and social transformations. The descriptive method was adopted through reviewing relevant literature and previous studies, as well as analyzing the challenges facing Libya in workforce preparation. The findings revealed that current educational and training programs do not sufficiently align with the skills and competencies required to achieve sustainable development, highlighting the urgent need to develop curricula and training programs that match labor market demands. The study also emphasized the importance of collaboration between educational institutions and both the public and private sectors, along with the adoption of continuous training policies to enhance workforce capabilities. A set of practical recommendations was proposed to improve the education and training system in Libya, thereby contributing to the preparation of a qualified workforce capable of supporting sustainable development goals.
Education, Training, Workforce, Sustainable Development, Libya
A Critical Snapshot of Preoperative Comorbidity Burden in Bariatric Candidates at a Specialized Bariatric Center, Tripoli, Libya (2022)
Background: Bariatric surgery is the definitive treatment for morbid obesity and its associated comorbidities. Although its efficacy is well established globally, local data describing patient characteristics and disease burden in regional contexts, such as Libya, remain limited. Aim: To describe the clinical profile and comorbidity burden of patients undergoing bariatric surgery at the Preventive Medicine Hospital in Tripoli, Libya. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study analyzing the medical records of 60 consecutive patients who underwent bariatric surgery at the Preventive Medicine Hospital in Tripoli throughout 2022. Data collected included demographics, preoperative Body Mass Index (BMI), and the prevalence of four major obesity-related comorbidities (DM, HTN, GERD, OSA). Continuous data are reported as Mean $\pm$ SD. Results: The mean age of the cohort was 42.1 ± 9.5 years, with 66.1% being female. The mean preoperative BMI was 44.2 ± 5.1 kg/m². The average comorbidity burden was 1.93 ± 1.25 major conditions per patient. The most prevalent comorbidities were GERD (55.0%), OSA (52.5%), and DM (50.8%). Conclusion: Patients undergoing bariatric surgery in this Libyan cohort demonstrated severe obesity and a high burden of obesity-related comorbidities. The high prevalence of GERD, OSA, and DM underscores the need for comprehensive, multidisciplinary preoperative evaluation and optimization to minimize surgical risk and improve postoperative outcomes.
Bariatric surgery; Morbid obesity; Obesity-related comorbidities; Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Study physics structure of CdTe solar cell for PV applications
The objective of this research is to investigate CdTe structures using XRD technique in order to improve scientific understanding and enhance the efficiency further. The CdTe was prepared at different voltage between 655 to 695 mV vs SCE by electrodeposition technique. The effect of deposition voltage on bulk structural properties was investigated before and after heat treatment. The max intensive XRD pattern for all growth voltages was dominated by reflections from the (111) plane. The maximum intensity peak height was noticed from layers growth at 695 mV vs SCE indicating high crystallisation of CdTe. From which the physics structure of the material was studied.
CdTe solar cell, XRD technique, Electrodeposition, Crystallinity, Deposition voltage
Growth variation and calcium uptake in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars under deficient and adequate calcium levels
A pot experiment was conducted to study the genetic variation in calcium uptake and utilization efficiency among three sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.): QG, QR, CW under two calcium levels, adequate and deficient (0 and 40 ppm) using a factorial experiment in (RCBD). Calcium level and variety interaction was significant for almost all parameters studied. Major differences were observed among the cultivars in dry matter accumulation in shoot and root, total biomass, and relative deficiency in shoot biomass. Calcium stress factor ranged between 22.6% to 30.3% that is 2 folds differences in relative reduction in shoot dry weight due calcium stress factor among genotypes. Calcium utilization efficiency was almost doubled in cultivars that were grown with no calcium supply compared to these grown with 40 ppm Ca supply. Calcium concentration and uptake in genotypes were significantly different at deficient and adequate calcium levels.
Sweet pepper, Calcium uptake, Calcium utilization efficiency, Dry matter, Biomass
Libya’s support for the Algerian cause in international forums 1954-1962 AD
This study examines the role Libya played in supporting Arab causes within international forums during the period 1954-1962, focusing on its political and popular support for the Algerian cause as a prominent example of Arab solidarity in the post-independence era. This Libyan support began early despite the country's recent independence and limited material resources; However, it was characterized by steadfastness in supporting the Algerian cause, and the study aims to try to reveal the historical aspect of foreign policy, this support and Libya’s relationship with these countries, and to try to highlight Libya’s political role before and after independence.
Support, Libya, Algeria, politically, diplomatically
Internal and External Determinants of China
This study aimed to examine both the internal and external determinants of Chinese policy and their impact on the government in terms of internal development through a series of reform phases, whether economic or political, under the Chinese Communist Party led by several presidents who played a major role in the country's progress, making it one of the most important and fastest-growing countries, especially in the economy. This has given it a global standing, making it the second largest economy in the world after the United States. It has adopted a soft foreign policy, especially with neighboring countries, by resolving most of its border disputes. It has successfully joined the World Trade Organization by linking its economy to the market economy, and has become the world's largest recipient of foreign investment and a global economic center. It has succeeded in penetrating all countries of the world through the adoption of a soft policy, thanks to the measures taken by the Communist Party, which has succeeded in making China's entry into the global market consistent with its policies within various international organizations, whether at the regional or international level.
China, Internal determinants, External determinants, Economic reform, Foreign policy
Civil Society and Its Impact on Libyan National Security
The research focuses on the role of civil society in Libya and its impact on national security after the 2011 transformations. Civil society includes non-profit organizations that work to achieve social and humanitarian goals and is characterized by its independence from the state and the expansion of its activity after the revolution despite the challenges of weak government, militia interference, the absence of legislation, and the spread of weapons. Civil society also contributes to strengthening national security by raising awareness, community participation, and building trust between citizens and the state. To enhance its role, it must be involved in policy formulation, capacity building, strengthening official partnerships, and contributing to dialogue and scientific research to ensure the stability of society and achieve national security in a sustainable manner.
Civil Society; National Security; Libya; Community Participation
Effects of Modern Technology Use on ESL Learning Among Libyan Undergraduates
Modern social media platforms have a significantly strong impact of learning the second language and the methods used in teaching it. Advances in digital communication, online platforms, and artificial intelligence have accelerated language change by introducing new vocabulary, expressions and communication styles shaped by global connectivity. On a linguistic level digital communication, social media and artificial intelligence have accelerated lexical innovation, reshaped discourse practices and facilitated the global diffusion of English verities. On a pedagogical level, technology has transformed English language teaching (ELT), by introducing interactive platforms, computer assisted language learning (CALL) tools and virtual learning environment that foster learner centered and autonomous approaches. Emerging technologies such as AI driven feedback mechanism provide unprecedented opportunities for personalized instruction and enhanced engagement. This study critically investigates the multifaceted influence of modern technology on the English language learning processes of Libyan undergraduates within contemporary higher education context, as universities in Libya increasingly adopt English infrastructure learners of English among Libyan universities are exposed o broad spectrum of modern technological resources including mobile-assisted language learning , applications, multimedia- rich virtual learning enviroments,AI- driven language tools (TELL) the research attempts to analyze how these tools facilitate the process of learning ESL for Libyan undergraduates in terms of communicative competence, developing language skills through expanded access to authentic English discourse. The study further interrogate the situations or conditions under which the technology might enhance or hinder learning ESL, It is examines the influence of modern technology on the learning of English as second language among Libyan undergraduate students, and how the use of these technologies can really enhance their level in the process of learning and studying the second language in the undergraduate level. With the rapid expansion of the digital communication and social media platforms, learners now engage in English with highly and interactive environments. These technologies have reshaped traditional language – learning practices by providing immediate access to authentic input, helping them to exposure to new vocabulary and interactive communicative leaning styles, as well as enhancing Lerner-centered engagement, the study also highlight how online learning platforms can support students’ linguistic performance, development, and autonomy. However the study also identify several challenges ,including inconsistent internet access, limited digital literacy, and the distraction caused by excessive social media use. Findings indicate that strategic, pedagogically informed integration of digital tools is essential for optimizing their educational value and ensuring equitable, meaningful learning outcomes for Libyan undergraduates.
modern technology, English language, social media platforms, ELT English language teaching
The Development of Bayt al-Mal in the Time of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (13–23 AH)
This research sheds light on the development of the treasury (Bayt al-Mal) during the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) from 13-23 AH. The treasury was the entity responsible for managing financial resources in Islam. This research aims to clarify the tasks entrusted to the treasury from its inception during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), through the reign of the Commander of the Faithful, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (may God be pleased with him), and up to the reign of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him), while also highlighting its most prominent financial resources during those periods. The researcher also addresses the administrative reforms introduced by Umar ibn al-Khattab, which were accompanied by the expansion of Islamic conquests, the establishment of administrative departments (diwans), the organization of stipends, and the laying of the foundations for the general budget in the Islamic state. Umar (may God be pleased with him) adopted a precise system for controlling revenues and distributing expenditures. This contributed to the formation of a well-organized army and the preservation of public funds through competent officials who oversaw the distribution of resources according to established regulations. Thus, the resources of the treasury became a continuous source of wealth under the authority of the Islamic state, ensuring its financial and administrative stability.
Money, conquests, taxes, the Diwan, spoils, the Caliph, the Muslims
Digital transformation technology in academic libraries
This study aims to shed light on the developments in digital transformation technology within academic libraries. Digital transformation has fundamentally altered the way libraries operate, enabling them to restructure and reorganize their management processes. The digital revolution has had multiple impacts on libraries, most notably revolutionizing traditional internal library routines by integrating advanced technologies. This integration enhances library service delivery, facilitates access to information resources, and improves operational efficiency. Providing digital content requires meticulous preparation, comprehensive analysis, and well-informed decisions, as well as a technically competent team. Therefore, this study presents the concepts of digital transformation, its fundamental importance, its typical processes, and explores the key factors influencing digital adoption, including access to digital resources, the use of automation software, internet availability, and challenges such as infrastructure limitations, budget constraints, and digital knowledge gaps. Accordingly, the study population was represented in some of the academic libraries at Omar Al-Mukhtar University, which number 12 libraries, where a random sample of 97 specialists was selected from the total number of 107. The results showed that the digital transformation has not been fully adopted, and libraries of all types must build an IT infrastructure and improve its accessibility in order to provide effective assistance to library users. The study recommends developing regulatory policies that support the adoption and implementation of digital technologies in libraries, by providing the necessary capabilities to work in the digital environment, which is essential to maintaining their importance in the digital age, including expanding digital collections, improving service delivery, adopting new technologies, instilling a digital culture, and ensuring accessibility and inclusivity. There should be continuous learning and development for library specialists.
Digital Transformation, Digital Technology, Library Automation, Service Delivery, Academic Libraries, Libyan Universities, Omar Al-Mukhtar University
The Use of Zeolite Extracted from Clay Deposits in water Purification
تبحث هذه الدراسة في عمليات تكوين الزيوليت وخصائصه الجيوكيميائية وإمكاناته الاقتصادية، مع التركيز بشكل خاص على دوره في تنقية المياه. وبفضل قدرته العالية على تبادل الكاتيونات، ومساميته، وخصائص الغربلة الجزيئية، يبرع الزيوليت في إزالة الملوثات مثل المعادن الثقيلة وأيونات الأمونيوم من المياه الملوثة. كما يستعرض البحث الطرق الرئيسة لاستخلاص ومعالجة الزيوليت المشتق من الرواسب الطينية، ويقيّم جدواه الاقتصادية مقارنةً بتقنيات المعالجة البديلة. إن الوفرة الطبيعية الواسعة للزيوليت وانخفاض تكاليف إنتاجه نسبيًا تجعله خيارًا مستدامًا لمعالجة المياه على نطاق واسع. إضافة إلى ذلك، فإن الطلب العالمي المتزايد على الزيوليت، وخاصةً في المناطق التي تعطي الأولوية لإدارة المياه المستدامة، يبرز أهميته الاستراتيجية. وتشير النتائج إلى أن الزيوليت يمثل مادة ذات جدوى اقتصادية وفوائد بيئية، وأن دوره في استراتيجيات معالجة وإدارة المياه مستقبلاً مرشح للتوسع بشكل ملحوظ.
Zeolite, Water Purification, Cation-Exchange Capacity, Clay Deposits, Environmental Sustainability
Designing Partnership: A Comprehensive Review of Human–AI Collaboration
Human–AI collaboration has become a pivotal area of research at the intersection of human–computer interaction (HCI), artificial intelligence (AI), and cognitive systems. Rather than replacing human work, collaborative systems aim to integrate human judgment and contextual expertise with the computational strengths of AI to achieve shared goals. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of the field, examining foundational frameworks and models of collaboration, methods for evaluating human–AI teamwork, and applications across domains such as healthcare, education, creative industries, and transportation. Key challenges—including the calibration of trust, the design of transparent and usable explanations, and the balance between human control and AI autonomy—are analyzed in depth. The paper concludes by identifying open research questions and outlining future directions for advancing human-centered approaches to AI collaboration that enhance performance while safeguarding user agency, accountability, and ethical values.
HCI, AI, Collaboration, User, Experience, Evaluation, Study
An Attitudinal Survey on the Efficacy of Study Skills in English Language by Libyan EFL Third Semester University Students, University of Tripoli, Libya
The effective employment of study skills scaffolds EFL students’ English language learning. This quantitative survey study taps into Libyan EFL 3rd semester university students’ attitudes on the efficacy of the study skills that they use to ease their English language learning throughout their academic journeys. This study is based on the voluntary sampling technique, involving 46 Libyan EFL 3rd semester university students, at the English Language Department, at the Faculty of Arts and Languages, University of Tripoli, Libya. Data are collected via an online survey with close-ended questions, and are analyzed by running descriptive statistics in the form of percentages. Findings indicate that students hold positive attitudes towards the various study skills they apply, which reflects their cognizance of the importance of study skills in language learning. Moreover, findings unveil students’ incapability to organize their time efficiently, mirroring their failure to prepare schedules, and to-do lists. Finally, findings point out that students tend to study without any prior planning, a study habit which diminishes their academic performance. The study advocates teachers to educate students on efficient study skills employment, and practical methods on how to circumvent last minute cramming.
Academic Performance, EFL University Students, Libyan students, Study Skills
Grammatical Views in Al-Alawi's Al-Tiraz (Between Rejection and Acceptance) (A Comparative Study)
Contemporary grammatical studies that seek to delve into the depths of the works of early scholars and contemplate the grammatical rules they set forth still fall short of fully uncovering the breadth and precision of their systematic linguistic frameworks. This may explain the growing scholarly attention devoted to revisiting these classical texts and the increasing number of studies concerned with them. Notably, some of these works did not address grammatical issues directly but rather referred to them incidentally within discussions of other disciplines inherently linked to grammar—such as rhetoric, for instance. Among these significant works is Al-Tiraz fī Asrār al-Balāgha wa ʿUlūm Ḥaqāʾiq al-Iʿjāz by Imām Yaḥyā ibn Ḥamza al-ʿAlawī, one of the most important treatises exploring the secrets of Qur’anic inimitability from a rhetorical perspective. In addition to its rhetorical depth, the book encompasses numerous grammatical issues intricately connected to the art of eloquence. Due to the limited scholarly engagement with the grammatical dimensions of this work, the present study seeks to examine and elucidate its grammatical content in a detailed manner that clarifies its ambiguities and reveals its underlying implications.
Al-Tiraz – Al –Alawi, Grammatical Opinions, Comparative Study
The causal relationship between changes in oil prices and the exchange rate in the Libyan economy
The present study sought to investigate the causal nexus between global crude oil price volatility and the Libyan dinar exchange rate vis-à-vis the US dollar throughout the 1990-2023 period, employing a sophisticated econometric framework encompassing unit root tests, cointegration analysis, error correction models, and causality diagnostics within a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) specification. The empirical analysis drew upon quarterly time series data spanning 136 observations. The empirical evidence demonstrates a unidirectional causal relationship flowing from oil prices to the exchange rate, with no evidence of reverse causality, thereby underscoring the Libyan economy's pronounced dependence on petroleum revenues. The estimated long-run elasticity coefficient stands at 0.5842, implying that a 10% appreciation in oil prices precipitates a 5.84% depreciation of the dinar, contrasted with a more modest short-run elasticity of 0.2145. Additionally, oil price shocks explain 44.16% of the variance in exchange rate movements over the long term. The study advocates for economic diversification, the establishment of sovereign wealth funds, the implementation of hedging mechanisms to mitigate price volatility risks, and enhanced transparency in reserve management to bolster macroeconomic stability.
Oil prices, Exchange rate, Libyan economy, Unidirectional causality
The Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources in the City of Abeche - Chad By Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
Trai The study addressed: (The impact of climate change on the groundwater resources of the city of Abeche - Chad by using remote sensing and geographic information systems), and aims to manage water resources in a sustainable manner to keep pace with the demographic growth of the population, using modern technologies to identify areas of water abundance and draw general maps to identify areas of water deficiency. Its importance lies in identifying groundwater resources and exploiting them for economic development. Improving the standard of living of the population and their stability in urban and rural areas, creating a geographical information system to identify suitable areas for drilling, and it was based on the following questions: What extent of Impact of climate changes on the groundwater resources? Is the demographic growth of the population directly proportional to the increase in demand for water? Why was the Chadian Water Company unable to provide its services? It was based on the following hypotheses: Climate changes affect groundwater resources for the demographic growth of the population is directly proportional to the increase in demand for water. The Chadian Water Company was unable to provide its services, and it relied on methods and means of collecting information on the descriptive and analytical approach, books, satellite images, geographic information systems, field studies, personal interviews, questionnaires, magazines, scientific theses, and official documents. The study reached several results, including: Groundwater resources are divided into (low, very low, medium, high, and very high). The density of groundwater resources is located from the south to the north along the waterways. The population of high-surface neighborhoods suffer from water scarcity in the summer, and the price of drinking water doubles in the summer from (1000 to 3000 francs cfa). The study recommends the following: using modern technologies to detect and predict climate changes, Assessing and managing groundwater aquifers in a better way, drawing maps to identify areas of abundance and deficiency of water resources in the city, and constructing water tanks in the directions (north, south, east, west).
climate change, groundwater resources, remote sensing, geographic information systems, Landsat satellite, sustainability of water resources, depletion of water resources
Dr. Abdal Madjid Zakaria Haggar Moustafa
Training Programs and Their Role in Improving Employee Performance in Light of Digital Transformation
Training policies are crucial for enhancing employees' technical skills, prompting most large organizations to implement training activities and establish dedicated departments. This study explores trainers' opinions and perceptions of training programs designed to improve human resource performance and increase productivity through modern technologies. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to understand trainers’ views on training and development and their impact on organizational sustainability. The study revealed that training centers employ diverse methods, enabling trainees to learn anytime, anywhere. It also highlighted public organizations' awareness of technology's role in meeting social needs and capitalizing on business opportunities. Despite challenges, organizations continue to provide training courses. This study recommends that training needs be implemented in coordination with human resources managers to address employee skill gaps. Furthermore, it suggests that other organizations, such as banks and oil companies, adapt to the evolving technological environment so that training can facilitate keeping up with developments and enhance employee performance.
Training, improvement, technologies and human resources
Democratic transition in comparative politics studies
This research addresses the topic of democratic transition in comparative politics studies, a significant subject that has become a focus of research and analysis, particularly since the end of the Cold War. It has garnered considerable attention in this field and has become a central theme in these studies. The research is divided into a general introduction and three main sections: The Concept of Democratic Transition (Section 1), The Development of Comparative Politics Studies (Section 2), and Issues of Democratic Transition in Comparative Politics Literature (Section 3). The research concludes with a number of findings and recommendations.
Comparative Politics, Democratic Transition, Issues of Democratic Transition
Planning for Teaching and Daily Lesson Preparation: Foundations, Importance, Supporting Factors, and the Role of Supplementary Activities in Achieving Educational Goals
This study explores the concept of lesson planning and daily preparation as fundamental pillars of the teaching process. It highlights the importance of planning in clarifying educational objectives, organizing content, selecting appropriate methods and activities, and supporting teachers’ professional growth. The paper discusses the foundations of planning, its types (long-term, short-term, and daily), and the key factors that contribute to the success of lesson plans. Furthermore, it examines the concept of supplementary activities, their conditions, objectives, and patterns, emphasizing their role in extending learning beyond the classroom. The study concludes that effective planning and systematic preparation significantly enhance teaching quality and ensure the achievement of educational goals.
Educational Planning, Daily Lesson Preparation, Teacher Professional Development, Supplementary Activity, Quality of Education
Accounting Analysis of Profitability and its Role in Financial Risk Management: An Applied Study on Libyan Commercial Banks
The study focused on the knowledge of factors affecting profitability and treatment. And to identify the relationship between the profitability of commercial banks and liquidity risk. And to identify the relationship between the profitability of commercial banks and credit risk. The study found that the general average of the profitability of commercial banks reached (4.56) and the standard deviation (1.945). This means that the trends of the sample items after the profitability of the commercial banks are positive and the most influential elements The Bank's goal is to achieve the highest possible profitability rate and to develop strategies for achieving profitability with an average of 4.20, with the lowest effect being the Bank granting credit facilities through rational investment management with an average of 3.98. According to the responses of the study sample financial institutions with studies, models and applications related to financial risks and how to manage them in such a way as to ensure that the bank's assets are not exposed to a decline in value, and to strengthen the position of banks from developing strategies to achieve profitability and the need to strengthen and strengthen the disclosure policy through the Bank's ability to recognize in a timely manner liquidity risk to avoid Losses.
bank profitability, financial risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, and operational risk
Customer Acceptance of Banking Services via Smart Applications in Islamic Banks A Case Study of Al-Nouran Bank, Misrata
This study aims to measure the extent of customer acceptance of banking services provided through smart applications in Libyan Islamic banks, with a focus on Al-Nouran Bank, Misrata Branch, as an applied case. The importance of the study stems from the growing reliance on financial technology and the development of digital services in the banking sector, which necessitate understanding customer behavior and their tendencies toward these services, particularly within an Islamic banking environment. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, and data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of the bank’s customers. A total of 50 valid questionnaires were retrieved and analyzed using a statistical software package. The study examined several dimensions, including ease of use, security, trust, service quality, and the role of demographic characteristics in influencing acceptance levels. The results indicated that there is a moderate to high level of customer acceptance of using smart applications, with factors such as trust and ease of use having a positive and statistically significant impact on acceptance levels. Meanwhile, some demographic variables, such as age and gender, showed no clear influence. The study recommends enhancing awareness of the importance of these applications, improving the user interface, and developing available services in line with the principles of Islamic banking.
Smart banking services, mobile banking applications, customer acceptance, Islamic banks, Al-Nouran Bank
A proposed framework for implementing Just-in-Time (J.I.T) production costing as a tool for reducing and controlling production costs in industrial companies (Case study of Dajla Company for Purifier and Filing Drinking Water)
This study examined a tool for reducing and controlling industrial production costs by proposing a framework for implementing Just-in-Time (J.I.T) production costing in Libyan industrial companies. The case study focused on the Dijla Water Purification and Bottling Company. The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, and the study population consisted of all 64 employees of the Dijla Company. Data was collected via questionnaire, and SPSS software was used for data analysis and hypothesis testing.
Proposed concept, Just-in-Time production system, cost reduction and control, Tigris Company
Psychological and Social Characteristics of Youth Drug Addicts
The study aimed to analyze and understand the psychological and social characteristics that distinguish addicts, drawing on the literature and previous studies that were addressed. The study used an analytical approach to deconstruct the phenomenon and explain its dimensions. The study concluded that addiction is not merely an individual behavior, but rather the product of a complex interaction between psychological and social factors, requiring multidimensional interventions that include psychotherapy, family support, and social reintegration. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding defense mechanisms and the surrounding social contexts to design effective and sustainable treatment programs.
Psychological characteristics, Social characteristics, Addicts
Hybrid PPO–DQN-Based Edge Computing Framework for AI-Driven Task Offloading and Energy Optimization in 5G Networks
The rapid deployment of 5G networks and the increasing number of IoT devices have greatly accelerated this demand for computation at the network edge, where ultra-low latency and high reliability are demanded. In this paper, we propose an AI-based intelligent edge computing framework employing the hybrid deep reinforcement learning (PPO–DQN) approach for multi-objective optimization their task offloading and energy management in heterogeneous wireless systems. The framework adaptively trade off the delay, throughput and the power consumption delivered by network slicing to fulfill two specific demands of URLLC and mMTC services. Simulation results in MATLAB show that the proposed model provides superior performance compared to existing schemes by lowering 26% energy consumption, reducing 4% latency and augmenting overall system throughput by up to 35%. The findings demonstrate the potential of hybrid AI-based optimization for 5G edge deployments that are both efficient and sustainable.
5G, task offloading, energy optimization, reinforcement learning, edge computing
Study of some chemical and physical properties of soils and suitability for the cultivation of the tomato crop in (Al- Swawa region) in Sirte city
The present work was carried out to study of some chemical and physical properties of soil in Al- Swawa region in Sirte city, which has an area of (50) farms, determining the general productive capacity and suitability for the cultivation of the tomato crop. The soil samples were collected from the horizon (0-60 cm) of forty-five sites at the north of Sirte (Al- Swawa area). The samples were air-dried, sieved (2 mm mesh) and analyzed for some physical and chemical properties. These soil samples were used for laboratory experiments. The land evaluation system was used to estimate the final quantification of the land factor proposed on the tomato crop. The results showed that the soil of the study area is suitable for the cultivation of the crop, and the tomato crop was classified in the appropriate medium soil rank (S2) for the total area of the study area by (100%).
Dry soils, Soil evaluation, Suitability crop, cultivation, Tomato crop
E-marketing and consumer behavior in the e-commerce sector: an analytical study in light of Libyan and international legal legislation
This study analyzes the impact of e-marketing on consumer behavior in the e-commerce sector, with a particular focus on the Libyan legal framework and comparative international legislation. The main objective is to understand how digital tools influence purchasing habits, customer loyalty, and their perception of security in a virtual environment. The results show that e-marketing exerts a moderate but significant influence on purchasing decisions. Social media appears to be the most effective channel for attracting consumer attention and stimulating product discovery. Furthermore, promotions and discounts constitute powerful incentives to encourage online purchases. However, consumer loyalty depends primarily on product quality and positive previous shopping experiences, confirming that trust and reliability are key factors for long-term retention. The study also highlights significant gaps in the legal protection of Libyan consumers. A large majority of respondents believe that current legislation does not provide sufficient protection against deceptive marketing practices and does not effectively protect their personal data. This legal weakness increases consumers' vulnerability to risks associated with digital marketing. In comparison, European and Arab legislation, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Moroccan and UAE laws, offer a more robust and protective framework. Developing e-commerce in Libya requires not only the adoption of more targeted and personalized digital marketing strategies, but also the establishment of a clear and effective legislative framework. This combination would foster consumer trust and strengthen the sustainability of the digital market
E-marketing; Consumer behavior; E-commerce legislation
Population Demographics in Border Regions: A Field Study on the Relationship Between Demographics and Illegal Migration and Its Impact on Libyan National Security (Qatrun City As a model)
This research paper aims to study the demographic composition in border areas (Al-Qatrun area as a model) in an attempt to highlight its relationship with the phenomenon of illegal migration and clarify its impact on national security in the Libyan state. This sheds light on numerous demographic challenges and helps in understanding the dynamics that link population, migration, and security in the region. The objectives of the research paper are represented in its attempt to identify the dimensions of the studied phenomenon and its ability to propose strategies to reduce it in an effort to enhance national security in border areas. The study adopts a methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis, in addition to conducting numerous interviews with relevant experts and officials and attempting to analyze related studies and reports. To achieve the study's objectives, a questionnaire was used as a tool, and a purposive sample was selected that included 50 respondents from administrators at security centers in Al-Qatrun Police Station and employees of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in the region. The study concludes by presenting a comprehensive vision on how to address demographic and security challenges in border areas, with reference to the necessity of adopting integrated strategies that combine migration management and attempts to effectively enhance national security.
Population Demographics, Illegal Migration, Libyan National Security
The impact of credit policy on the liquidity structure and returns in Libyan banks
This research aims to study the impact of credit policy on both liquidity structure and financial returns in Libyan commercial banks during the period from 2015 to 2025. A descriptive–analytical–quantitative methodology was adopted, relying on published financial data from several major Libyan banks, such as Jumhouria Bank, Wahda Bank, and the National Commercial Bank. The study employed SPSS and EViews software to analyze correlations and regressions among the key variables, with the objective of identifying the nature and direction of their statistical relationships. The results revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between credit policy and financial returns, indicating that improving loan-granting policies contributes to enhancing bank profitability. Conversely, the study found a negative relationship between credit policy and liquidity structure, as expansion in lending leads to a decrease in the level of liquid assets held by banks. These findings suggest that effective management of credit and liquidity risks is a decisive factor in achieving a balance between profitability and financial stability in Libyan commercial banks. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting cautious and well-considered credit policies that ensure rewarding financial returns without adversely affecting liquidity levels, while adhering to modern banking standards in risk management.
Credit policy, liquidity structure, financial returns, Libyan commercial banks, risk management
The Use of Sustainable Cost Accounting (SCA) as a Tool to Support Innovation and Enhance Financial Performance in Industrial Companies: An Applied Study on the Libyan Iron and Steel Company (LISCO), Misrata
This study aimed to investigate the use of Sustainable Cost Accounting (SCA) as a tool to support innovation and enhance financial performance in industrial companies. The research was empirically applied to the employees of the Libyan Iron and Steel Company (LISCO) in Misrata. The study adopted the descriptive approach to cover the conceptual and theoretical aspects, while the analytical approach was employed to process the applied (empirical) side. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire form; 34 forms were distributed, and upon examination, only 25 forms were found valid for statistical analysis. The study concluded with a main finding confirming the acceptance of the hypotheses with a statistically significant positive effect for the implementation of Sustainable Cost Accounting (SCA) on innovation and financial performance. In light of these results, the study recommended the necessity of integrating SCA into the strategic decision-making system, allocating green innovation units, and linking incentives to sustainable performance.
Sustainable Cost Accounting, Innovation, Financial Performance, Industrial Companies
Some social factors and entrepreneurship: A field study on women entrepreneurs in the city of Tobruk
This study aims to identify the current situation and the factors that have helped women establish their businesses in Tobruk, determine the types of businesses, clarify the most important pillars for the advancement of small businesses, and explain the obstacles facing small businesses. The study began with several questions, including: What is the current situation and what factors have helped women establish their businesses in Tobruk? And what type of businesses are these? What are the business opportunities? What are the most important pillars for the advancement of small projects? What obstacles do small projects face? The study relied on the use of the descriptive analytical method, and fell under the framework of descriptive and analytical studies using the purposive sampling method, which amounted to (150) individuals. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire form, which relied on the simple statistical method of tables (frequencies and percentages), and the following results were obtained: 1- It showed that there are a set of factors specific to working women and their families, and factors that help them to support and finance their project by a member of the community. She revealed that the most common type of small business undertaken by women in Tobruk is the production and sale of sweets and pastries. She explained that one of the most important pillars for the advancement of small businesses is how the business is conceived and marketed. 4- I concluded that there are a number of obstacles, including administrative, economic, marketing, and social obstacles.
Social factors, leadership, entrepreneurship, women, female leaders, small businesses
The effect of mother tongue on learning English as a second language
From the past, till today and continues to the future the difficulties that face Second Language learners while learn English still appears clearly with the students. For that it becomes a necessary to shed the light for those problems and challenges that learners face, especially the effect of mother tongue, 'Arabic language'. In this paper, the author seeks to review the literature discussing the impact of mother tongue on the learning of English. The author opens the discussion with the conceptual explanation of the behaviorism theory with the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) that is a structural approach of SLA, carried the same opinion equal to behaviorists as attempt to understand the second language acquisition. Next, one of powerful theory in explaining most of L2 errors are discussed to understand second language errors Selinker’s interlanguage hypothesis and all the five reasons of interlanguage are analysed. Then, monitor model theory for Krashen discussed with its all five hypotheses. Furthermore, a clearly explanation for Krashen about the conception of Second Language Learning and Second Language Acquisition. Then, the paper presents the methodology which used to understand these difficulties qualitative methods were used for data collection to identify the main problems and difficulties that faced by Libyan students while learning English as an L2. Finally, the author presented the finding and analyzed it. This paper is important and could be of interest and worth for researchers who are interested in this filed and also for all of learners, students and teachers of English. The study suggests the necessity of understand all the SLL second language learning and SLA Second language Acquisition theories to understand all difficulties and challenges that face second language learners due to the effect of mother tongue.
The Economic Effects of Public Expenditure
This study aims to analyze the economic effects of public expenditures as a fundamental tool of fiscal policy used to achieve economic stability and promote development. The role of public spending has evolved with the expanding functions of the state to include economic and social responsibilities, giving public expenditures both direct and indirect impacts on production, income, and economic growth. The research focuses on the role of investment spending in increasing productive capacity, improving infrastructure, and developing human capital, in addition to the role of current expenditures in stimulating aggregate demand and meeting basic societal needs. It also highlights the role of public expenditures in income redistribution through social spending and government transfers, thereby enhancing social justice. Furthermore, the study examines the impact of public spending on economic stability by addressing inflation and recession and maintaining macroeconomic balance, while also noting the challenges arising from misallocation or excessive growth of expenditures. The study concludes that the effectiveness of public expenditures depends on their efficiency and their alignment with sound fiscal policies that ensure optimal resource use and support sustainable development.
The Reduction Mechanism for the Impacts of Digital Software Tools on Students' outputs in Architectural Design courses: Case Study Architecture Department, Tripoli University, Libya
Architectural design is considered the fundamental pillar of architectural education, through which it is possible to keep pace with the development of the curriculum and modern digital software tools. Therefore, this research paper highlights both the negative and positive effects of using modern digital software tools on students' architectural design outputs. In past years, before the emergence of modern advanced computer technologies, students in architecture departments at universities around the world, generally, and in Libyan universities, relied on traditional methods for design, such as two - and three-dimensional hand-drawn sketches. Digital software tools, such as ArchiCAD, Revit, virtual reality programs, and, more recently, artificial intelligence, have been developed to meet the diversity of needs (users, design, construction, and creativity), which has had, and continues to have, a transformative impact on architectural design tools. These tools were introduced into Libyan universities, specifically the Department of Architecture in Tripoli, in the late twentieth century. They have brought a radical change in architectural design courses in Libyan universities. Therefore, this research paper aims to understand the impact of using digital software tools on student outputs in architectural design. The descriptive-analytical method was applied to answer the paper's questions from different aspects of the theoretical and empirical parts. One of these questions is the main question that addresses the effects of digital software tools on student output in architectural design courses, and how their negative effects can be reduced? Questionnaires were distributed to 105 students and 19 professors to determine the extent to which digital software tools impact student outcomes in architectural design. To come up with at a mechanism for reducing the negative effects of using digital applications on architectural design outcomes and students' intellectual and creative capabilities in various typologies of architectural design subjects.
Antibacterial activity of cold and hot aqueous Extract of Mentha piperita
The present study investigates the antibacterial potential of Mentha piperita L. leaves (family Lamiaceae) aqueous extract against Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The goal was to evaluate the effectiveness of different concentrations (20% and 50%) of the extract compared to a control group (water). Both cold and hot aqueous extracts of Mentha piperita exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. The highest inhibition zone for the cold aqueous extract was observed at concentrations of 20% and 50%, particularly against Pseudomonas (0.165 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively). In contrast, the hot aqueous extract showed the most pronounced antibacterial effect at a concentration of 20% against Staphylococcus (0.22 mm) and at 50% against Pseudomonas (0.11 mm). These findings suggest that the aqueous extract of Mentha piperita has notable antibacterial properties, with the highest activity observed against Pseudomonas at higher concentrations. The results indicate the potential of Mentha piperita as a natural antibacterial agent that could be further explored for medicinal applications. This study also emphasizes the need for additional research to explore the bioactive compounds in Mentha piperita and their mechanisms of action against bacterial pathogens. While promising, further investigations into its efficacy, safety, and potential as a therapeutic agent are necessary. Overall, the study contributes to the growing interest in plant-based antibacterial agents and their potential to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the future, which is increasingly important for addressing public health concerns globally.
A Study of Some Chemical Properties of the Soil in Wadi Al-Mardoum (Bani Waleed) and Its Suitability for Agriculture
This study was carried out October 2023 to determine the soil salinity in Wadi Al-mardoum (BaniWaleed), Soil salinity whether natural or by human intervention poses a significant geographical threat in arid and semi-arid agricultural areas, negatively affecting plant growth and crop productivity. Eight samples were identified and selected at two different depths from the study area, some chemical analyzes were conducted on the soil samples. The study showed that the soil salinity content expressed as electrical conductivity (EC), ranges between 0.79 - 10.95 dS.m-1 and the pH value ranged between 8.2 - 9.14, and when calculating the exchangeable sodium percentage, it ranged between 1.96 – 8.64%, sodium adsorpatiom ratio(SAR) values ranged from 1.36 – 5.96.
Empowering Libyan Student-Teachers for 21-Century Literacy Demands: A Triangulated Analysis of CALL Course Design Using P21, Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, Quality Matters Standards, and Student-Teachers’ Perspectives
Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is one of the courses offered by many TEFL teacher education programs in Libya and around the world. It trains EFL student-teachers on utilizing CALL tools for effective technology integration. Review of currently published research studies on CALL course design evaluation, especially using P21, Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, and Quality Matters Standards, seems to be virtually non-existent. Thus, this study aimed to explore CALL course alignment with 21-Century Literacy Demands, identify the affordances and constraints of the design principles and practices of the CALL course of the Libyan TEFL teacher education program, and propose data-driven recommendations for CALL course improvement. Intrinsic case study design was the chosen research design. The participants were fifty student-teachers who took and passed the CALL course offered by TEFL teacher education program at the Faculty of Education in Tripoli, Libya. Data were collected through CALL course documents and student-teachers’ reflective essays. Data were analyzed qualitatively in three phases: framework-based document analysis, thematic analysis of student-teachers’ essays, and triangulation protocol. Findings revealed that a strong alignment with P21 especially with two of the P21 strands that had Very High level of alignment: Creativity and Innovation and Media Literacy. Data analysis also identified eight affordances and 6 constraints. Triangulation phase of data analysis revealed ten themes as recommendations for CALL course improvement. These findings invite interested scholars to investigate the effectiveness of the CALL courses in preparing student-teachers for successful CALL tools integration.
Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL)
The Impact of Digital Transformation on Improving the Performance of Health Service Quality "An Applied Study on the Employees of Al Khums Medical Center"
This study aimed to analyze the impact of digital transformation and its main requirements (including organizational strategy, organizational culture, transformational leadership, and human resources) on enhancing the quality of health service performance. The empirical application of the research was conducted on the employees of the Medical Center in Al Khums (or Khoms). The study adopted the descriptive approach to cover the conceptual and theoretical aspects, while the analytical approach was used to address the practical aspect of the research. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire; 45 forms were distributed, and upon review, 43 forms were found valid for statistical analysis. The study concluded with a main finding: there is a strong, positive, and statistically significant effect of the combined requirements for implementing digital transformation on the improvement of health service quality performance in the studied Medical Center. In light of these findings, the study recommended the necessity of having mature and effective leadership within the Medical Center, capable of efficiently handling information technology to control and elevate the level of services provided. Furthermore, it emphasized the importance of propagating a digital transformation culture by formulating a strategic plan that is implemented gradually and in phases, subject to continuous monitoring and evaluation throughout the execution period.
Vision and Mission of Organizations: A Case Study on Amazon
The vision and mission of organizations are fundamental elements that shape corporate identity and guide strategic operations within institutions. This research aims to explore how these elements are formulated and their impact on the overall performance of organizations, as the vision reflects the future aspirations of the organization, while the mission defines its fundamental purpose for existence. The objectives of the research crystallize in analyzing the role of vision and mission in guiding organizational strategies and providing recommendations for improving their formulation in line with market demands and employee aspirations. Additionally, the research seeks to understand the relationship between the clarity of these elements and institutional performance, thereby enhancing organizations' ability to achieve their strategic objectives. The main problem addressed by the research is how the vision and mission of organizations impact their performance and strategies, as many organizations lack clarity in these elements, negatively affecting their overall performance and ability to adapt to changes in the surrounding environment. Therefore, the research is based on two main hypotheses: the first posits that having a clear vision and an effective mission contributes to improving organizational performance, while the second suggests that organizations with a strong vision and mission are more capable of achieving their strategic objectives. The significance of this research lies in its role in enhancing understanding of how to effectively formulate vision and mission statements, as well as their direct impact on institutional performance. It highlights the necessity of these elements as strategic tools that contribute to guiding institutions toward success and sustainability.
The Role of Internal Corporate Governance Mechanisms in Improving Accounting Information Systems in the Libyan Environment: A Field Study in Zawia Oil Refining Company
This study aimed to identify the role of internal corporate governance mechanisms in improving Accounting Information Systems (AIS) in the Libyan environment, focusing on a field study at Al-Zawiya Oil Refining Company. To achieve these objectives, a descriptive analytical approach was adopted through reviewing relevant academic literature, scientific theses, and online resources. The descriptive analytical method was used to analyze the data and extract results using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The researchers used a questionnaire to collect the necessary data for this study. A total of (35) questionnaires were distributed to the study sample—consisting of directors, heads of departments, and employees—who were identified and selected using a random sample. (33) questionnaires were retrieved, representing a response rate of 94.3%. After review, all were found suitable for statistical analysis. The study reached several key findings, the most important of which is: A significant impact and contribution of the internal corporate governance mechanisms (Internal Audit, Internal Control, and Information Technology) was confirmed in improving the Accounting Information Systems at Al-Zawiya Oil Refining Company. Specifically, the automated internal control system was found to be the most effective and influential mechanism, as the sample considers it the primary contributor to increasing the reliability and accuracy of accounting information. This reflects a strong reliance on technology in ensuring accounting quality. The study concluded with a set of key recommendations, including: Management should develop advanced reporting mechanisms (such as BI Tools) within the Accounting Information Systems to ensure the provision of timely analytical and strategic information to support decision-makers, instead of relying solely on traditional reports. Additionally, it is essential to establish a continuous, advanced training program for internal auditors focusing on IT governance, cybersecurity review, and the evaluation of automated controls within modern accounting systems (such as ERP).
Investigation of Heavy Metals Content in Artemisia Herba-Alba Grown in Libya
The use of herbal and traditional remedies has become more popular in recent years, and there is growing worry that these treatments may be contaminated with heavy metals. This study measured the heavy metal concentrations in Artemisia herba-alba that is grown in natural sites in Gharyan and Qasar Ben Ghesheer Libya. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the concentrations of eleven heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) were measured. The concentrations of all heavy metals, except Ba, Pb, and Sr, were within the permissible limits. The Pb is concentrated in high level in stem than the leaves. Whereas the Ba and Sr are concentrated more in the leaves than in the stems. The plants from Gasser Ben Ghesheer had toxic level from Ba, Ni, and Sr, while plants collected from Gharyan had toxic level of Ba, Pb, and Sr. The plant’s parts and the growing site have an effect on the level of heavy metals. In order to ensure safety of Artemisia, an ongoing monitoring plan of heavy metal residues should be applied, and strict measures to prevent pollution should be imposed.
The Reality of Using Modern Educational Tools to Enhance Interactive Learning: Perspectives of Master’s Students at the Libyan Academy - Western Coast Branch
This study investigates the use of modern educational tools to enhance interactive learning from the perspective of Master’s students at the Libyan Academy - Western Coast Branch. It examines the types of Tools currently in use, students’ preferences for future adoption, and the obstacles limiting their application. A descriptive approach was employed, and data were collected via a questionnaire distributed to all Master’s students, yielding (327) valid responses out of (548). Data were analyzed using (Google Sheets), including percentages, frequencies, relative weights, and rankings. Findings indicate a significant gap between traditional and modern technological tools. Students rely primarily on printed materials and basic technologies such as computers and projectors, with limited use of interactive digital tools. The main barriers are the absence of clear institutional policies, followed by technical and logistical challenges related to devices and infrastructure.
The jurisprudential grounding in banking transaction: dealing with checks as a model
The need for jurisprudential grounding of banking transactions has become certain, as they continue to complicate in our present time. The occurrences in these contemporary transactions are renewed and it is essential to base them on jurisprudence. The necessity for people to deal with bank checks, or sales by installments or leases that end with ownership, ect, is steadily growing. There fore, we will attempt in the article to answer the following questions : How can the use of bank checks be established in light of islamic jurisprudence ? What drew me to choose this topic is the confirmed need to establish these new banking tranactions so that muslims feel assured when dealing with them. As for the objectives of this work ,they are : To examine the dealing with bank checks while clarifying their juristic grounding. To demonstrate the ability of islamic jurisprudence to accommodate these new banking transactions.
Causal Relationship Analysis Between Financial Expansion and Components of Balance of Payments An empirical study of Libyan economy during the period (1980-2020)
This study aimed at analyzing the causal relationship between financial expansion and the components of the balance of payments in Libyan economy during the period (1980-2020) and the extent of their causal relationships, whether one-way or two-way. The study used the Toda-Yamamoto methodology to identify the causal relationship in the long run. A descriptive analytical approach was also used, based on official data and statistics. The study relied on time series data for the period (1980-2020), using a standard model and statistical significance to analyse the causal relationship between the study variables. Libyan economy represents the study population, while the study sample represents an annual time series extending from 1980 to 2020. The importance of the study lies in its use of a standard method and approach, using the Johannes methodology to measure the relationship between variables and the Toda-Yamamoto methodology to understand the causal relationship between financial expansion and the components of the balance of payments in Libyan economy, and thus understand the role of financial policy in improving the position of the components of the balance of payments. This is something not found in previous studies. The study concluded that there is a reciprocal causal relationship. There is a statistically significant of two-way causal relationship between financial expansion and the capital account, and there is a statistically significant of one-way causal relationship between both the current account and the trade balance.
Using Artificial Intelligence in Managing Renewable Energy Projects in the Western Mountains (Gharyan, Jadu, and Nalut)
This study aims to explore the potential of using artificial intelligence (AI) in managing renewable energy projects in the Western Mountains of Libya, specifically in Gharyan, Jadu, and Nalut. The research relied on a theoretical and environmental analysis of the three regions, a survey of expert opinions, and statistical analysis using tools such as SPSS and Python to develop prototypes that contribute to improving production and operational efficiency. The results demonstrated promising opportunities for adopting smart renewable energy in these regions, with the need to strengthen infrastructure and train local talent. The study also proposed a practical vision for establishing solar and wind power plants, as well as smart models for production forecasting and predictive maintenance. The study concludes with technical and regulatory recommendations to accelerate the implementation of these projects in line with the global transition to sustainable energy.
Structural Design of a Fixed Offshore Platform
Fixed platforms are used in the field of oil and gas exploration and are characterized by their great height, which allows the establishment of production and processing facilities on their surface, its heavy weight is a result of the size of the metal structures that make up it, and its stable foundations ensure the stability of the platform and its ability to bear various loads. This study explains the structural design of a fixed platform under the influence of environmental conditions on the Libyan coast, the loads to which it is subject, and the depths required to erect and stabilize the platform in the appropriate place to extract oil or gas using the program (Structural Analysis Computer System). The structural study was conducted on one of the four columns on which the platform rests, due to the equal environmental conditions and the forces and moments exposed to them. Information about the platform located in the city of Sabratha was collected from Melita Oil and Gas Company, it was found that the maximum shear force to which the pillars are exposed is 589 KN and the largest torque is 1988 KN, and the permissible stress for all parts of the platform has been reached. This will ensure the stability of the platform and thus achieve the required safety.
The Contractor’s Right to Restore the Financial Balance of the Contract Due to Exceptional Circumstances According to Libyan Legislation
In this research study, we addressed a topic entitled “The Contractor’s Right to Restore the Financial Balance of the Contract Due to Exceptional Circumstances According to Libyan Legislation.” The reason for choosing this subject lies in its utmost importance within the framework of administrative contracts, as it represents an effective mean of addressing any exceptional and unforeseen economic obstacle faced by the contractor with the administration during the execution of the contract. We examined the issue in detail, following a plan divided into sections and sub-sections, through which we discussed the definition of the theory of exceptional circumstances, its forms, and the conditions for its application. We also explained its underlying basis and the effects resulting therefrom. Our findings led us to several conclusions revolving around the exceptional nature of the theory of unforeseen circumstances in relation to the binding force of the contract. This theory serves as a means of dealing with unexpected events that affect the execution of an administrative contract. However, the concept has not yet been defined with sufficient precision, nor has the scope of the judge’s authority been clearly determined when it comes to applying relief for the burdensome contract, or the manner in which this should be done. Furthermore, the judge’s authority does not extend to dissolving the contract if the two parties fail to reach an agreement, or if one party refuses the modifications made to address the unforeseen burdens. Therefore, we recommended greater legislative and judicial attention to this theory in a way that covers all its aspects and reflects its importance in practical life. We also suggested expanding and clarifying the scope of judicial authority, while raising contractors’ awareness of their rights in balance with their obligations in order to safeguard the validity of contracting processes for the execution of projects. Additionally, we emphasized the need to entrench the culture of the right to resort to the judiciary in cases of abuse by the administration against contractors.
Needs of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum disorder
The current study aimed to identify the needs of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It also sought to detect differences in these needs based on some demographic variables (gender and educational qualification of the parents). The researchers applied the Training Needs Scale for Parents, developed by Al-Shakhs and Al-Sartawi (1998), on a sample of 226 individuals (108 fathers and 118 mothers).The results showed that the overall level of needs was high, as were the three dimensions: the knowledge dimension, the material support dimension, and the social support dimension. The dimensions were ranked according to their importance for the sample members as follows: in first place, the knowledge dimension was the most pressing for parents, followed by the material support dimension, and finally the social support dimension.The study also revealed differences in the level of needs of parents of autistic children based on the variable of educational qualification, in favor of an intermediate educational level or lower. However, the results did not find any differences in the needs among the study sample individuals according to the type of parent (father, mother).
Intertextuality in Al-Mutanabbi's poetry
This research addresses the phenomenon of intertextuality in Al-Mutanabbi's poetry through the analysis of selected verses. Intertextuality is a modern critical term that refers to the overlap between texts, as a later text relies on earlier texts. It is the repetition of a previous text in a renewed poetic form. The French researcher Julia Kristeva played a significant and significant role in formulating this term. Intertextuality is a stylistic and rhetorical phenomenon and one of the most prominent modern critical concepts that emerged in the context of the development of literary and linguistic studies. It refers to the relationship between texts when a text is in dialogue with other texts, previous or contemporary. A literary text is shaped through multiple intersections with others, where the new text appears influenced or benefited from. Thus, intertextuality reveals the poet's culture and knowledge, providing cognitive and aesthetic dimensions. It also helps in understanding the text by linking it to other contexts. A text is no longer understood in isolation or read as an independent unit, but rather within the intersection of textual relationships that endow it with new meanings and dimensions. This provides the reader with a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the literary text, expressing the phenomenon of the presence of other texts within it, and poetry. Arabic has been and still is a rich heritage throughout the ages, preserving its authenticity and aesthetic values. With the development of artistic tools and methods, the term intertextuality emerged, which poets use to enrich texts and add new dimensions to old meanings. This is to intensify the significance of the text and link it to heritage and human experience in terms of meaning, structure and interpretation. The text, in its depths and hidden aspects, contains references, influences and quotations from other texts, where it acquires new meanings and innovative semantic levels and presents a different vision through inclusion, allusion or opposition. It is one of the poet's tools to expand meaning and link it to cultural and intellectual dimensions, not repetition, but rather new creativity after formulating heritage with a contemporary vision. Al-Mutanabbi used intertextuality to build a unique poetic character that speaks on behalf of history and philosophy. Al-Mutanabbi is one of the poets who employed intertextuality with artistic, imaginative and intellectual awareness, and made his poetry texts rich with connotations and references to Arab and Islamic heritage.
Online Teaching: EFL Instructors’ Strategies and Challenges
This qualitative study investigated the strategies adopted and challenges faced by Libyan university English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instructors when teaching online. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine purposively selected EFL instructors whose responses were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that instructors employed a combination of synchronous and asynchronous online instruction, facilitated student discussions, adopted continuous assessment, and provided feedback. The study also found that instructors encountered challenges related to insufficient infrastructure (unstable electricity and internet connections) and pedagogical difficulties (material design, assessment, and time management). Moreover, the findings contribute to the local literature on online teaching and guide university decision-makers and EFL instructors in adopting online teaching. The study stresses the need for institutional support for instructors through providing professional development programmes to overcome challenges and ensure effective online teaching. Instructor procedures of overcoming the challenges were not investigated, indicating an area for further research.
دور مجلس الأمن في تفعيل اختصاص المحكمة الجنائية الدولية وتطبيقاته في القانون الجنائي الدولي
يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحليل وتأطير دور مجلس الأمن في تفعيل اختصاص المحكمة الجنائية الدولية (ICC)، خاصةً في ظل المسؤولية الملقاة على عاتقه لحفظ السلم والأمن الدوليين بموجب الفصل السابع من ميثاق الأمم المتحدة. اعتمد البحث على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لدراسة نصوص نظام روما الأساسي وسلطات المجلس، مع التركيز على آليتي الإحالة (المادة 13/ب) والتعليق (المادة 16). خلص البحث إلى أن سلطة مجلس الأمن في الإحالة تُعد آلية حاسمة تمنح المحكمة اختصاصاً على الدول غير الأطراف في نظام روما، مما يعزز من عالمية تطبيق القانون الجنائي الدولي. وقد تجلت هذه الأهمية في حالات الإحالة لملفي دارفور وليبيا. بيد أن البحث استنتج أن تدخل مجلس الأمن يمثل سيفاً ذا حدين؛ ففي حين أنه ضروري لتوسيع نطاق الاختصاص، إلا أن طبيعته السياسية تُشكل تهديداً لمبدأ استقلالية المحكمة وتكاملية دورها، خاصة عبر استخدام سلاح التعليق (المادة 16) أو التعطيل الناتج عن حق النقض (الفيتو)، مما قد يؤدي إلى انتقائية في تطبيق العدالة. ويوصي البحث بضرورة وضع ضوابط قانونية أكثر صرامة لتقييد استخدام سلطة التعليق، بما يضمن عدم إفلات مرتكبي الجرائم الدولية من العقاب.
Smart Medical Textile Technologies: Principles, Materials, and Applications
Smart medical textiles are an emerging class of materials that bring together textile engineering, materials science, and biomedical innovation. Designed to work in harmony with the human body, these fabrics sense physiological and biochemical changes and translate them into meaningful data. Using conductive fibres, nanocoatings, hydrogels, and Janus textile structures, they can monitor temperature, strain, respiration, pH, and ion concentration while remaining soft, breathable, and comfortable to wear. Recent advances in electrochemical biosensing have allowed fabrics to measure sweat and other body fluids with impressive sensitivity, while textile-based strain and thermal sensors now provide continuous monitoring of movement and skin temperature. Improvements in coating technology and flexible connectors have made these sensors more durable, washable, and biocompatible. At the same time, hybrid hydrogels and Janus fabrics enhance skin contact and guide body fluids toward sensing areas—an innovation that has greatly improved wound-care dressings. These “smart” bandages can detect infection risk early by monitoring pH and moisture, yet still allow the skin to breathe. Despite rapid progress, key challenges remain. Devices must be calibrated to handle variation in body fluids and movement, and global standards for washability, durability, and safety are still developing. Achieving energy independence through small triboelectric and thermoelectric generators is another essential step toward fully self-powered systems. Looking ahead, integrating artificial intelligence and multimodal sensing will enable more reliable interpretation of complex biological data. By combining comfort, intelligence, and sustainability, smart medical textiles are moving from experimental prototypes to practical healthcare tools capable of transforming personal health monitoring and wound management.
The hunting baths at Leptis Magna: An Artistic Reading and Analytical Study of Architectural and Structural Elements
The hunting baths in the city of Leptis Magna are considered one of the most prominent architectural and archaeological landmarks left behind by Roman presence in North Africa. They are not merely silent stone remains, but rather a complete model of luxury and advanced architectural engineering. They also reflect aspects of social life during that era. The exceptional level of preservation that characterizes the baths adds great scientific and touristic value, making them one of the main destinations for anyone interested in Roman history or visiting Libyan lands.
Challenges of Applying International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS 13) – Fair Value in Libyan Commercial Banks: Al Jumhuriya, North Africa, Al-Sahari -Sabratha and Surman
The study aimed to identify the key challenges facing the implementation of IFRS 13 in Libyan commercial banks and explore possible solutions. The inductive approach was employed to analyze the relevant literature, while the descriptive-analytical method was applied to examine the practical reality of Libyan commercial banks. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to selected banks (Al-Jumhouria, North Africa, and Al-Sahari) in Sorman and Sabratha. Out of 50 distributed questionnaires, 46 were retrieved. The study revealed that the challenges of implementation are not purely financial; rather, they represent a combination of technical (infrastructure), human (competencies), and environmental (economic, political, and legislative) factors. The study recommended enhancing the technical infrastructure, developing human capacities, and adapting to environmental conditions by establishing a local legislative and regulatory framework that mandates banks to apply IFRS standards.
The Jurisprudential Methodology of Sheikh Muhammad Rabea in His Book, "The System of the Judicial Authority in Islamic Sharia": An Analytical Study
This analytical study aims to uncover the Jurisprudential Methodology of Sheikh Muhammad Rabea, one of the most prominent contemporary Libyan scholars, through an analysis of his book "The System of the Judicial Authority in Islamic Sharia." The study employed the inductive-analytical approach and demonstrated that his methodology is characterized by a combination of authenticity (represented by adherence to the fundamentals of the Maliki school of thought) and contemporaneity (represented by an awareness of modern systems and reality requirements). The study addressed the most prominent features of his approach, such as attention to textual evidence from Sharia, consideration of the overall objectives (Maqasid) of Sharia in achieving justice, and a practical tendency in formulating solutions. It also revealed his method of presenting and balancing jurisprudential opinions, and giving preference based on evidence and public interest (Maslaha). The study concluded that the Sheikh utilized the principles of legal policy (Al-Siyasa Al-Shar'iyya) to codify emerging issues, such as the adoption of reasoned judgments to ensure fairness, confirming that his approach is an effective continuation of the authentic jurisprudential school in addressing contemporary judicial issues.
Developing creative thinking skills among university students (the Faculty of Media at Azzaytuna University as a model)
This study aims to diagnose the reality of developing creative thinking skills among students of the Faculty of Media at Azzaytuna University and to identify the requirements necessary to enhance these skills in light of contemporary challenges and rapid changes in the media field. The study was guided by six main questions addressing the requirements for developing creative skills, their current status, the challenges they face, the necessary educational and training content, academic integration mechanisms, and how to measure creativity. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and was applied to a sample of 70 male and female students from various academic levels and specializations within the faculty. The results revealed a strong conviction among students of the importance of creative skills, with requirements for developing skills such as flexibility and innovation in media recording the highest averages. However, the study uncovered a significant gap between perception and application, as the students' self-assessment of their current creative skills notably declined. The results also highlighted fundamental obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and modern technology, a curriculum focus on theory at the expense of practical application, and the inadequacy of current evaluation systems for measuring creativity. Students proposed practical development suggestions focusing on providing equipped studios, integrating modern technologies and artificial intelligence into curricula, establishing a specialized center for creativity, and reforming evaluation systems. The study concluded by emphasizing the necessity of adopting an integrated educational model that combines infrastructure development, curriculum reform, and the enhancement of human competencies to achieve genuine development of media creativity.
The Geopolitical Shift from Diplomacy to Water Blackmail: A Case Study of the Nile Basin
The water crisis in the Nile Basin stands as one of the most complex strategic challenges facing the riparian states, where water transforms from a mere natural resource into an existential issue touching the very core of national security for the concerned nations. This study emerged to analyze this dilemma through an analytical-synthetic methodology, combining the monitoring of historical transformations with the interpretation of geopolitical repercussions, while focusing on the crisis of the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam as a model for the shift in conflict dynamics. The study proceeded by analyzing secondary data available in academic books, scientific theses, and peer-reviewed journals, with particular emphasis on the period spanning from 2011 to 2020 - the era that witnessed the most radical transformations in the nature of interactions among the basin states. The study revealed that the water conflict in the Nile Basin has transcended being merely a technical dispute over water quota distribution, evolving into a complex geopolitical issue where internal and external factors intertwine. On one hand, the legal framework governing water resource management suffers from erosion, with increasing demands to reconsider historical agreements. On the other hand, regional power balances are undergoing noticeable transformation in favor of upstream states, while international and regional powers intervene to further complicate the scene. In confronting these challenges, the study presents a set of recommendations, foremost among them being the development of a unified Arab strategy for managing the water file, enhancing regional cooperation in sustainable development projects, and establishing an early warning system for hydrological and climatic changes. The study also emphasizes the importance of activating international legal mechanisms and raising community awareness about the significance of the water issue. In conclusion, this study affirms that the optimal solution to this crisis lies not in the logic of conflict and confrontation, but in adopting a cooperative model based on the principle of mutual benefit, while developing effective institutional mechanisms capable of achieving sustainable management of the basin's resources. This approach ensures the rights of future generations and achieves stability and prosperity for all
Sudan's Civil War and Peacebuilding Opportunities
This study examines the Sudanese civil war and the opportunities for peacebuilding. This war represented the most prominent manifestation of political, social, and economic instability witnessed by the Republic of Sudan in the twenty-first century. It aims to analyze the roots of the conflict and the underlying political, economic, social, and cultural causes, focusing on issues of marginalization, identity, tribal divisions, and the role of regional and international powers in this war. It also seeks to explore the humanitarian, economic, and social repercussions of the ongoing war and analyze the opportunities and challenges of peacebuilding in light of the current Sudanese reality. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing relevant documents, reports, and academic sources. The study concludes that the continuation of the conflict was due to the intertwining of social and political factors and the weakness of state institutions. However, achieving peace remains possible through building trust among all parties to the conflict and social components within Sudan, as well as promoting transitional justice and establishing a governance system that guarantees the participation of all parties to the conflict.
Agriculture in the state of Tripoli during the second Ottoman era 1835 AD - 1911 AD
Libya has known agriculture since ancient times, and a large number of its inhabitants practiced this activity. However, most of this farming was carried out using primitive methods and was confined to the coastal plains and nearby areas. Agriculture relied heavily on rainfall and little well water. Agriculture is considered one of the most important pillars of infrastructure, economics, and social development in any society, particularly in the Tripoli Vilayet during the Second Ottoman Empire in 1835. Agriculture was a primary source of livelihood and met the needs of citizens. When the Ottoman Empire took control of the Tripoli Vilayet for the second time in 1835, it worked to organize the administrative and financial situation, including the agricultural field, by issuing new laws related to land and defining some methods of local administration… It can be said that the state of Tripoli had an effective role in improving the living conditions of the citizen in terms of agriculture and its strategic location, which was considered one of the most important areas overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, which had a role in benefiting from transit trade
Rights and Obligations of Directors in Foreign Investment Companies in Libya
This study examines the rights and obligations of managers of foreign investment companies under Libyan law by analyzing the relevant legal texts—most notably the Investment Promotion Law No. 9 of 2010 and the Commercial Activities Law No. 23 of 2010. The findings indicate that the Libyan legislator has largely succeeded in establishing a balanced legal framework that guarantees managers comprehensive administrative, executive, financial, and informational rights, while imposing graduated obligations encompassing sound governance, legal compliance, and financial and legal responsibilities. Despite the strength of the theoretical framework, implementation faces challenges that require developing supervisory capacities and specialized training mechanisms. The study recommends strengthening oversight, establishing training centers, and creating alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms, thereby contributing to attracting foreign investment and achieving sustainable economic development. It also underscores the importance of aligning governance and disclosure practices with the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and activating Libyan capital-market requirements to protect investors and enhance transparency, in addition to drawing on UNCTAD’s Investment Policy Framework for Sustainable Development to update implementing regulations and improve the business environment.
Mediation as an Alternative Means for Resolving Tax Disputes
Given the problems facing the judicial system, there has been an urgent need to find ways and means to achieve justice and enable parties to obtain their claimed rights as quickly as possible, with the least cost and effort. Therefore, among the most important advantages that give great importance to alternative means are confidentiality, flexibility, tax disputes. This is due to the privacy and subjectivity of tax disputes, which require rapid resolution, stability of legal positions, and increased tax revenues. This positive impact on public spending is evident. Despite the lack of any legal regulation regarding mediation in Libya, it is considered one of the most important alternative means to be utilized for dispute resolution in general, and tax disputes in particular. It should be included in tax legislation as a means of resolving tax disputes. Therefore, this study consists of two sections. The first addresses the definition of mediation, its types, and distinguishes it from other similar meanings, such as conciliation and arbitration. The second addresses the suitability of mediation for resolving tax disputes and its applications in various countries.