Regional and International Approaches to the Libyan Crisis (2011–2024): A Study of the Impact of External Rivalry on the Failure of the Political Settlement

Abstract

This study examines regional and international approaches to the Libyan crisis during the period (2011–2024), focusing on the impact of external competition on the failure of political settlement. It is based on the assumption that the multiplicity of external actors and the divergence of their interests have prolonged the conflict and weakened prospects for state-building.

The study adopts a case study approach, combined with analytical and comparative methods, by examining the policies and motivations of various actors and their impact on Libya’s internal dynamics. It finds that the Arab approach was characterized by division and support for rival factions, while the Maghreb and African approaches demonstrated awareness of the risks but lacked effective tools of influence. The European approach, driven by concerns over energy, migration, and regional stability, was undermined by internal competition among key states.

At the international level, the United Nations played a central role in facilitating dialogue; however, conflicting interests among major powers—particularly with the growing roles of Russia and Turkey—limited the effectiveness of its efforts. The study concludes that the Libyan crisis represents a clear case of the internationalization of internal conflicts, and that any viable settlement depends on reducing external interventions and strengthening a national path based on institution-building and the restoration of political legitimacy.