Integration of photonic and electronic components for next-generation optical networks

As demand for data continues to grow, traditional electronic networks are reaching their limits in speed, bandwidth, and energy efficiency. Integrating photonic and electronic components within optical networks offers a powerful solution, combining the fast, low-latency advantages of photonics with established electronic processing capabilities. This paper explores both hybrid and monolithic integration methods to address technical challenges such as signal loss, heat management, and construction complexity. Key technologies and materials are reviewed with manufacturing techniques that support this integration. We also examine applications in data centers, telecommunications, edge computing, and high-performance computing, where the need for faster, more efficient data transfer is critical. By advancing photonic-electronic integration, next-generation optical networks can meet the performance needs of future technologies such as 5G, IoT, and AI. This work sheds light on how such integration can change network design, pushing optical networks to new levels of speed and performance.